Evaluation of Interaction Process of Fly Ash and Clayey Soils with High Plasticity Index from Micro- Structural Point of View

Authors

Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bu- Ali Sina University

Abstract

Fly ash is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) (Dayioglu et al., 2017). In many countries fly ash is placed in landfills. Due to the vast production of this type of waste, the safe disposal of fly ash is one of the major concerns. One of the best methods to reduce the side effects of fly ash production is to re-use it in civil engineering projects (Horpibulsuk, et al., 2009). Due to the presence of Al and Si in fly ash, it shows pozzolanic properties (Phanikumar and Shankar, 2017). Therefore, in the recent years fly ash has been used in many soil stabilization or cement production projects. In spite of many researches which have focused on application of fly ash in soil stabilization, there are very limited attentions on the type of mechanism of soil- fly ash interaction (i.e. chemical or physical type). Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to investigate the interaction process of fly ash and clayey coils with high plasticity index from micro structural point of view. In other words, this paper aims to investigate on the dominant type of soil-fly ash interaction and to examine that in what extent this interaction is physical or chemical process. To achieve the above mentioned objectives series of Atterberg limits test, unconfined compression experiments, XRD testing, and digestion test were performed to address the above mentioned objectives.

Keywords


ACI Committee 211, “Guide for selecting proportions for high-strength concrete with Portland cement and fly ash”, ACI Mater Journal, 1993, 272-283.
Ahmaruzzaman M, “A review on the utilization of fly ash”, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2010, 36, 327-363.
American Society for Testing Materials, C618, “Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete”, ASTM International, 2015.
ASTM, “Annual book of ASTM standard, American Society for Testing of Materials”, Pennsylvania, 2016.
Behnood A, “Soil and clay stabilization with calcium- and non-calcium-based additives: A state-of-the-art review of challenges, approaches and techniques”, Transportation Geotechnics, 2018, 17, 14-32.
Bell FG, “Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils”, Engineering Geology, 1996, 42, 223-237.
Blissett RS, Rowson NA, “A review of the multi-component utilisation of coal fly ash”, Fuel, 2012, 97, 1-23.
British Standard, BS 1377-3, “Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes- Part 3: Chemical and electro-chemical tests”, British Standards Institution, 1990.
Bryson LS, Mahmoodabadi M, Adu-Gyamfi K, “Prediction of consolidation and shear behavior of fly ash-soil mixtures using mixture theory”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2017, 29 (11).
Casagrande A, “Classification and identification of soils”, Transactions, ASCE, 1948, 113, 901-930.
Cokca E, “Use of class C fly ashes for the stabilization of an expansive soil”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2001, 127 (7), 568-573.
Dayioglu M, Cetin B, Nam S, “Stabilization of expansive Belle Fourche shale clay with different chemical additives”, Applied Clay Science, 2017, 146, 56-69.
Edil TB, Berthouex PM, Vesperman KD, “Fly ash as a potential waste liner”, ASCE, 1987, 447-461.
Eltantawy IN, Arnold PW, “Reappraisal of ethylene glycol mono-ethyl ether, (EGME) method for surface area estimation of clays”, Soil Science, 1973, 24, 232-238.
Estabragh AR, Pereshkafti MRS, Parsaei B, Javadi AA, “Stabilized expansive soil behavior during wetting and drying”, International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 2013, 4 (4), 418-427.
Fan F, Liu Z, Xu G, Peng H, Cai CS, “Mechanical and thermal properties of fly ash based geopolymers”, Construction and Building Materials, 2018, 160, 66-81.
Garzon E, Cano M, O'Kelly BCO, Sanchez-Soto PJ, “Phyllite clay-cement composites having improved engineering properties and material applications”, Applied Clay Science, 2015, 114, 229-233.
Guo B, Pan D, Liu B, Volinsky AA, Mustafa Fincan, Jinfeng Du, Shengen Zhang, “Immobilization mechanism of Pb in fly ash-based geopolymer”, Construction and Building Materials, 2017, 134, 123-130.
Guo Y, Li Y, Cheng F, Wang M, Wang X, “Role of additives in improved thermal activation of coal fly ash for alumina extraction”, Fuel Process Technol, 2013, 110, 114-121.
Guo Y, Zhao Z, Zhao Q, Cheng F, “Novel process of alumina extraction from coal fly ash by pre-desilicating-Na2CO3 activation-Acid leaching technique”, Hydrometallurgy, 2017, 169, 418-425.
Hausmann MR, “Engineering Principles of Ground Modification”, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990, 632p.
Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Raksachon Y, “Role of fly ash on strength and microstructure development in blended cement stabilized silty clay”, Soils and Foundations, 2009, 49(1), 85-98.
Indiramma P, Sudharani C, “Scanning electron microscope analysis of fly ash”, quarry dust stabilized soil. In: Frikha, W., Varaksin, S., Viana da Fonseca, A. (eds) Soil Testing, Soil Stability and Ground Improvement. GeoMEast 2017, Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Springer, Cham, 2018.
Kaniraj SR, Havanagi VG, “Behavior of cement-stabilized fiber-reinforced fly ash-soil mixtures”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2001, 127 (7), 574-584.
Kate JM, “Strength and volume change behavior of expansive soils treated with fly ash”, Geo-Frontiers Congress, ASCE, Geotechnical Special Publication, Austin, United States, 2005.
Keramatikerman M, Chegenizadeh A, Nikraz H, “Experimental study on effect of fly ash on liquefaction resistance of sand”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2017, 93, 1-6.
Mitchell JK and El Jack S, “The Fabric of Soil–Cement and Its Formation”, 1966.
Mitchell JK, “Fundamentals of soil behavior”, John Wiley and Sons Incorporated, New York, 1976, 422 p.
Mir BA, Sridharan A, “Volume change behavior of clayey soil–fly ash mixtures”, International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2014, 8 (1), 72-83.
Mohanty SK, Pradhan PK, Mohanty CR, “Consolidation and drainage characteristics of expansive soil stabilized with fly ash and dolochar”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2016, 34 (5), 1435-1451.
Nikolić V, Komljenović M, Džunuzović N, Miladinović Z, “The influence of Pb addition on the properties of fly ash-based geopolymers”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 350, 98-107.
Ouhadi VR, Yong R, Amiri M, Ouhadi M, “Pozzolanic consolidation of stabilized soft clays”, Applied Clay Science, 2014, 95, 111-118.
Ouhadi VR, Yong, RN, Bayesteh, H, “Influence of potential determining ions on the microstructural performance and contaminant adsorption of a homoionic illitic clay”, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2007, 184, 77-93.
Ouhadi, VR, Goodarzi, AR, “Pore fluid characteristics effect on the dispersivity behaviour of soils from macro and micro structure aspects”, Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on contaminated sediments, 2003, 200-206.
Phanikumar BR, Sharma SR, “Volume change behavior of fly ash-stabilized clays”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2007, 19 (1), 67-74.
Phanikumar BR, Shankar MU, “Heave studies on fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2017, 35 (1), 111-120.
Phummiphan I, Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Arulrajah A, Shen S, Chindaprasirt P, “High calcium fly ash geopolymer stabilized lateritic soil and granulated blast furnace slag blends as a pavement base material”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018, 341, 257-267.
Prabakar J, Dendorkar N, Morchhale R, “Influence of fly ash on strength behavior of typical soils”, Construction and Building Materials, 2004, 18 (4), 263-267.
Raj SS, Sharma AK, Anand KB, “Performance appraisal of coal ash stabilized rammed earth”, Journal of Building Engineering, 2018, 18, 51-57.
Rajakumar C, Meenambal T, “Effect of coal ash in the stabilization of expansive soil for the pavement”, International Journal of Chemical Technology Research, 2015, 8 (1), 170-177.
Rao KM, Subbarao GVR, “Optimum fly ash for mechanical stabilization of expansive soils using 22 factorial experimental design”, Nat Hazards, 2012, 60, 703-713.
Reddy NG, Tahasildar J, Rao BH, “Evaluating the influence of additives on swelling characteristics of expansive soils”, International Journal of Geosynth and Ground Engineering, 2015, 1 (7).
Shemi A, Ndlovu S, Sibanda V, Van Dyk LD, “Extraction of alumina from coal fly ash using an acid leach-sinter-acid leach technique”, Hydrometallurgy, 2015, 157, 348-355.
Show KY, Tay JH, Goh AT, “Reuse of incinerator fly ash in soft soil stabilization”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2003, 15 (4), 335-343.
Stegemann JA, Zhou Q, “Screening tests for assessing treatability of inorganic industrial wastes by stabilisation/solidification with cement”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009, 161, 300-306.
Song H, Wei L, Ji Y, Cao L, Cheng F, “Heavy metal fixing and heat resistance abilities of coal fly ash-waste glass based geopolymers by hydrothermal hot pressing”, Advanced Powder Technology, 2018, 29, 1487-1492.
Sun L, Luo K, Fan J, Lu H, “Experimental study of extracting alumina from coal fly ash using fluidized beds at high temperature”, Fuel, 2017, 199, 22-27.
Xu D, Li H, Bao W, Wang C, 2016, “A new process of extracting alumina from high-alumina coal fly ash in NH4HSO4+H2SO4 mixed solution”, Hydrometallurgy, 2016, 165, 336-344.
Yao ZT, Xia MS, Sarker PK, “A review of the alumina recovery from coal fly ash, with a focus in China”, Fuel, 2014, 120, 74-85.
Yao ZT, Ji XS, Sarker PK, Tang JH, Ge LQ, Xia MS, Xi YQ, “A comprehensive review on the applications of coal fly ash”, Earth Science Reviews, 2015, 141, 105-121.
Yong, RN, Ouhadi, VR, Mohamed, AMO, “Physicochemical evaluation of failure of stabilized marl soil”, Proceedings of the 49th Canadian Geotechnical Conference Frontiers in Geotechnology, 1996.
Zha F, Liu S, Du Y, Cui K, “Behavior of expansive soils stabilized with fly ash”, Natural Hazards, 2008, 47 (3), 509-523.
Zhang Z, Qiao X, Yu J, “Aluminum release from microwave-assisted reaction of coal fly ash with calcium carbonate”, Fuel Process, Technology, 2015, 134, 303-309.