https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/ Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering en daily 1 Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 21 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17915.html Seismic analysis of foundations is one of the key problems in geotechnical earthquake engineering. For this purpose, two general methods are proposed. In the direct method, the entire structure, foundations and subgrade are modeled in one step. But, in substructure method, the contribution of stiffness and mass of foundations in the analysis are considered separately. In this paper, the seismic response of strip surface footings under volumetric oblique incident waves SV, P and SH is investigated using boundary element method. For this purpose, at first, the impedance functions of the strip footing located on the semi-infinite soil mass are calculated using boundary element method with three-node quadratic elements. The calculated impedance functions depend on the frequency, the width of the strip footing, the shear wave velocity and the Poisson’s ratio of the soil mass. The input motion of strip footing which is subjected to volumetric inclined SV, P and SH waves are then obtained by using free field motion and the boundary element method. It can be seen that the displacement response of the foundation at the dimensionless frequency of 3, compared to the horizontal component of the free field motion of SH and SV waves as well as vertical component of P wave at angle of θ=30° are reduced 41%, 38% and %, respectively. By the way, as an example in time domain, the response of surface strip footing due to inclined SV wave with Ricker waveform is analyzed utilizing FFT algorithm. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20329.html This study examines the application of fragility curves as a tool for designing underground shelters resilient to both distant and close-range explosions. Fragility curves serve as an effective method for identifying structural characteristics and resistance, crucial due to the relative vulnerability of structures to explosions across various organizations. To design the structure and obtain its fragility curve under such blasts, ABAQUS finite element software was utilized. The results indicate that fragility curves effectively determine the resistance and vulnerability of underground structures under explosion conditions. Notably, if an explosion occurs more than 12 meters from the structure's center, the likelihood of structural failure is approximately 5% or less; however, this probability increases significantly with proximity to the structure reaching about 60% at a distance of 8 meters and exceeds 98% at the central surface point. The findings highlight that soil-structure interaction plays a pivotal role in mitigating blast-induced damage. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the proposed fragility model can be employed as a tool for assessing other underground structures' vulnerability; comparisons with previous studies show that this approach offers higher accuracy in estimating potential damage probabilities. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20831.html The Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) is one of the efficient meshless numerical methods that has been successfully used to analyze various engineering problems. In this method, the approximation of the derivatives of the function is performed based on a weighted averaging by interpolation functions. Despite its inherent capabilities, this method has serious shortcomings, especially in terms of accuracy. Many efforts have been made to improve the accuracy of this method. In this study, the accuracy of one of the most efficient MPS models (Model 1 in this study) is compared with a meshless method based on the least squares technique and Taylor expansion (Model 2 in this study) for solving elliptic differential equations. Numerical results show that numerical Model 2 produces much better results and under these conditions, it can be expected that this numerical model can be successfully used to solve many engineering problems. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20455.html In structural engineering, reinforced concrete frame systems filled with masonry walls are designated as "infilled frames". Studies have demonstrated that infills increase structural stiffness while reducing ductility. The interaction between masonry walls and the surrounding concrete frame fundamentally alters the behavioral characteristics of the system. This interaction can either enhance seismic performance or exacerbate damage; additionally, it also significantly modifies the effective stiffness and natural period of the structure. Field investigations following the Kermanshah earthquake (2017) revealed predominant in-plane failure mechanisms, including diagonal cracking, local crushing in force transfer regions, and sliding along mortar joint interfaces. The Iranian Seismic Code (Standard 2800) emphasizes the separation of infills from frames to prevent this interaction. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_16719.html Recently, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as a new technology in the architecture industry, which is gradually gaining popularity among stakeholders. The literature review shows a significant gap in measuring the capabilities of BIM in Iran's construction projects. Therefore, the goal is to measure BIM capabilities and efforts have been made to select the best BIM capabilities in such a way as to increase the level of confidence in the use of this new technology. Since the evaluation of the most appropriate option is a multi-criteria decision-making problem. Therefore, decision makers use preferences that are uncertain when weighing options. Therefore, in the present study, rough's theory, which is efficient in such conditions, is used. In fact, he first used Delphi to identify criteria and decision-making options, and then used rough's theory to convert experts' preferences into interval numbers and the new combined method of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and VIKOR of rough to measure capabilities. BIM is used. It should be mentioned that in the current study, the VIKOR-AHP method was developed with rough data. The results showed that the use of rough's theory along with multi-criteria decision-making methods can help the stakeholders in decision-making under conditions of uncertainty and is a starting point for research based on BIM and its management perspectives in providing the correct insight to use it in Iran's construction projects. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21079.html With the growth and development of cities, civil engineers are forced to design and build various structures on loose clay soils that cover a significant portion of the land surface. Therefore, to do so, these soils must be improved. Today, various methods and additives are used to improve and stabilize problematic soils, including clay soils. Accordingly, many researchers around the world have studied the stabilization of clay soils with various materials. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21076.html The concept of using Concrete-Filled Steel Tube (CFT) columns has been proposed to optimize the use of steel and concrete materials. The advantages of these elements have led to their widespread application in the construction industry. These types of columns are usually used in moment resisting frame systems with rigid connections, and play a significant role in lateral load resistance of the system. Despite providing sufficient strength for beams and columns, weakness in the connection area can disrupt the load path and could lead to overall collapse of the system. When the connection is well-designed, seismic fuses will concentrate at both ends of the beam (the main frame member). After a strong earthquake, the entire story beam needs repair or replacement, which incurs high costs. To address all these challenges, this study proposes using a mechanical joint equipped with a centering spring. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20975.html The investigation of soil stress–strain behavior plays a fundamental role in the stability analysis and settlement prediction of geotechnical structures. Among the influencing factors, drainage conditions are of particular importance; previous studies indicate that soil mechanical behavior following an earthquake cannot be fully represented by the two limiting cases of fully drained or undrained conditions. Instead, it predominantly occurs under partially drained conditions, resulting from the simultaneous changes in pore water pressure and soil volume. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of partial drainage on the monotonic behavior of Firoozkuh No. 161 sand through a series of triaxial compression and extension tests. For analysis, effective stress paths, stress–strain curves, and excess pore water pressure responses obtained under partially drained conditions were compared with those from fully drained and undrained cases. The findings indicate that partial drainage has a significant influence on the shear behavior of sand. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17174.html In this research, active tendons' optimal placement based on an enumeration method has been investigated in the presence of various uncertainties such as parametric uncertainty, time delay, and sensor/actuator faults. To design the appropriate controller against uncertainties,  method has been used as a useful method according to the robust control theory. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_14276.html      The Aral Sea basin in Central Asia has been identified as one of the active sources of dust in Asia. In this paper, the atmospheric analysis of 6 severe dust storms on dust sources in the Central Asian region and the Aral Sea basin over the past two decades is examined. For synoptic analysis of NCEP-NCAR data including wind speed on the ground and velocity and height of geopotential at 850 hPa and to identify dusting days, dust masses and estimating dust load, from the optical depth data of air vents in the mood sensor. Was used. Based on the results of atmospheric analysis, two flow patterns have been identified for regional storms that generate severe storms on dust sources in the Aral Sea basin and desert areas of Central Asia. The Aral Sea, western Uzbekistan, the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, western and central Turkmenistan, and the northern and northeastern border regions of Iran are most affected by dust events. A study of the affected areas caused by dust masses shows that the dry Aral Sea, western Uzbekistan and western Turkmenistan have the highest AOD and dust load. According to studies, the most intense dust activities in Central Asia occurred in spring and summer, in the months of April, May, June, July and August, and according to the results, the maximum amount of dust in the region in some cases more than Reaches from 7 grams per square meter. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_12624.html One of the main components of water supply networks is fluid storage tanks, which are used to store, maintain, and supply the required water pressure. These tanks are very vulnerable to explosion and therefore one of the issues that is very important in the analysis and design of such structures is the issue of interaction between fluid and structure. The aim of this study was to investigate the ring stresses of reservoir walls due to blast waves and fluid hydrodynamic forces as well as water surface pressure due to the interaction of the structure with water. In order to achieve the above objectives, Abacus software has been used to simulate the numerical reservoirs of reinforced concrete cylinders under the impact of the explosion, taking into account the effects of water and structure interaction. For this simulation, three tanks with heights of 4, 6, and 8 meters and a constant radius of 3 meters were used, each of which was filled with water (empty, 25, 50, 75, and 100) from the depth of the tank with water. Is. The results of this study show that the above parameters affect the dynamic response of the reservoir structure so that the water surface pressure in the reservoirs is 50% higher than water and also ring stresses with the increasing water level, reducing the distance between materials. Explosion and reservoir elevation increase and hydrodynamic forces are more pronounced at close range. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13509.html One of the most important phases in the design of rubble-mound breakwaters is the checking of the hydraulic stability of the armor layer against the waves and the currents. In this research, the probability of armor layer instability in rubble-mound breakwaters is discussed based on the reliability analysis approach. The factors affecting the instability have been identified and the amount of uncertainty of each of these factors in determining the probability of failure and the reliability index is examined. Physical and environmental data has been obtained from an experimental study conducted on a rubble-mound breakwater. Distribution data for load and strength variables has been obtained from available research works. The coastal engineering manual (CEM) has been used to determine the limit-state function. After determining the limit-state function and statistical properties of the variables, reliability analysis with four methods including FOSM, FORM (HL-RF), SORM, and MCS has been conducted using Rt software for the conditions of breaking and nonbreaking incident waves; and the results of these four methods have been compared. Finally, the importance of each of load and strength variables and their impacts on the reliability index and the probability of failure has been discussed. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_13764.html In this paper, evaluation of hybrid control system for achieving optimal frequency of pendulum mass damper mounted on mass center of roof story on 3D structures in different heights and same slenderness ratio (H/B) with nonlinar behaviour has been assessed. For investigation of 3D seismic performance of pendulum mass damper on isolated structures with plan period 2.5 seconds, three structure 6, 9 and 12 stories and intermediate steel miment frame have been considered. These structures have been designed by Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) according to 2800 standard Optimal frequency ratio among assumed frequency ratios and resulting optimum length of pendul to effect set of PTMD vibration on hybric control system by considering response on both directions, are 0.5 and 2.95 meters for 6 stories structure, respectively, and 0.65 and 2.8 meters for 9 stories structure, respectively. For 12 stories structure, determination of specific frequency ratio as optimal frequency ratio is difficult and with low safety factor. The more PTMD length, the better performance of hybrid control system, actualy, PTMD has set for less frequency ratio among assumed frequency ratios. Positive performance of hybrid control system for same frequency ratio, decrease with increasing structure height. In fact, displacement responses, drift ratio, maximum acceleration of roof story and structure base shear less reduced. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_14241.html In this study, a photoelectrochemical hybrid process in the presence of ozone gas was used to reduce COD of the Karaj Halghedare landfill leachate and the effect of initial pH, reaction time, electric current, distance between electrodes and ozone concentration in the presence of Ultraviolet radiation was evaluated using RSM. Based on the obtained results, the best conditions of the hybrid process include pH equal to 5.9, reaction time equal to 100 minutes, electric current applied on the surface of the electrodes equal to 0.23 amps, distance between the electrodes equal to 0.5 cm and ozone gas concentration equal to 5 mg / l. min, in which case the efficiency of 93.24% of COD reduction in leachate was obtained and the amount of COD was reduced from 13,260 mg / l to 1396 mg / l. Based on these results, the effluent cannot be discharged directly into the environment and other processes for further treatment should be used, especially biological processes. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_14659.html Self–Compacting Concrete is one of the special concretes which can pass around bars and fill all corners of molds completely without any type of segregation and no need any type of vibration. For upgrading the strength, durability and consistency of samples, it is introduced to reduce the porous rate of concretes, and for this goal using different nano materials is a significant method in special concretes for construction of important concrete projects. Nano zinc oxide is selected for this research and for comparison of the effect of nano material on mechanical properties and workability of self-compacting concrete samples. Therefor two series of samples were made, one as control samples without nano zinc oxide and other one samples containing 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5 percent of cement weight of nano zinc oxide as test samples. Slump flow test and V-funnel test used for measurement the workability of samples. The samples were cured on time of 7, 28 and 56 days in normal water and concrete laboratory temperature. Mechanical properties tests showed that using nano zinc oxide increases the rheological properties in fresh concrete and mechanical properties as well as in hardened concrete. The results showed that samples with water to cement ratio (w/c=0.40) and containing o.35 percent of nano zinc oxide of cement weight in 28 days curing time were optimum. The ratio of (f’c(7) / f’c(28)) indicated the rapid setting of the samples by using the nano zinc oxide that is an important factor in construction time. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_14675.html Investigating the effect of loaded out-of-plane braces on the values of the stress concentration factor (SCF) in tubular joints commonly found in offshore structures has been the objective of numerous research works. However, due to the diversity of joint types and loading conditions, a number of quite important cases still exist that have not been studied thoroughly. Among them are two-planar TT-joints subjected to out-of-plane bending (OPB) moment loading. In the present research, data extracted from the stress analysis of 243 finite element (FE) models, verified against available experimental data, was used to study the effects of geometrical parameters on the chord-side SCFs in two-planar tubular TT-joints subjected to two types of OPB moment loading. Parametric FE study was followed by a set of nonlinear regression analyses to develop four new SCF parametric formulae for OPB-loaded two-planar TT-joints. Reliability of proposed equations was checked against the UK Department of Energy (DoE) criteria. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_15542.html In this article, considering the pipe jacking operations in soft soil and under groundwater as an engineering field, the ground deformation in different directions and also the uplift of the ground surface has been analyzed using numerical simulation. This study focused on the factors that mainly affect the ground displacement such as excavation space diameter, placement depth, slurry injection pressure, excavation face pressure, soil elastic modulus, friction angle and cohesion. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for controlling and reducing deformation of the earth during pipe jacking operations. Numerical simulation was performed using Plaxis finite element numerical software and case study. Then the effect of each parameter on the pattern of ground deformation in three directions and also estimating the amount of uplift and their exact location were investigated. The relationship between each parameter and the lateral displacement of the ground was estimated and finally the effect of each of the different factors was measured using sensitivity analysis and the sensitivity index of each was determined. The results show that the diameter of the excavation space is the most sensitive and the slurry injection pressure is the least sensitive to other parameters in lateral displacement of the ground (u-y), so more accuracy in estimating them should be used in preliminary studies. The maximum uplift occurs about 8 m (2.4 D) in front of the excavation face and then gradually decreases. As the slurry injection pressure triples, https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_16912.html Runoff, a vital component of water resources, is influenced by climate change and human activities, impacting hydrological processes and water cycles. Human actions, such as land use changes, water conservation, agricultural irrigation, and groundwater extraction, affect surface water and aquifer storage. Climate change, primarily driven by increasing global greenhouse gas emissions, affects runoff by modifying precipitation and evapotranspiration patterns. To address water crises caused by global warming and land use change, research has focused on isolating the impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff using statistical methods for change point identification and hydrological models. Budyko's theory, a fundamental framework in water balance studies, highlights the role of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration in determining evapotranspiration. In the Ahar Chay River basin, a cold and semi-arid region facing water scarcity, this study investigates the impact of climate change, human activity, land use changes, and dam construction on runoff using the Mann-Kendall, Pettitt, and Budyko models. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17113.html The aim of this research is to estimate and measure personal exposure to PM2.5 suspended particles as well as the intensity of exposure to it in urban open space by low-cost personal monitors during the day. In this research, in order to measure the concentration of PM2.5 suspended particles in the urban environment, the low-cost AirBeam2 sensor was used, which is the first time in the country. Measurements were taken in three different areas of Tehran, approximately during two weeks (7th to 20th of July) in the summer of 1400, during three days only on weekdays, in sunny weather during three different time periods: morning (7-8 am), noon (10-10). 11 pm) and night (7-8 pm) has been done. Studies have shown that the greater the traffic volume of vehicles and cars, the greater the concentration of PM2.5. Based on the results of this research, the implementation of construction operations and construction projects has a great effect on increasing the emission of suspended particles and increases its concentration volume, so that when located in these areas, the concentration volume of PM2.5 suspended particles is 33 times the average concentration of suspended particles. That area was measured and this increase for PM10 is also 50 times the average concentration of ambient suspended particles. Also, the concentration of suspended particles in different areas of Tehran is different according to various uses and variables such as residential, commercial, open space. The highest concentration of suspended particles is related to the commercial area with hi https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_17463.html Industrial processes are among human activities that cause the production of a large volume of wastewater containing organic pollutants such as phenol and its derivatives. These pollutants are among the substances that are considered a serious threat to the health of the environment, soil and humans. Soil remediation is crucial for enhancing environmental quality for both humans and other living organisms. This study investigated the use of an electro-peroxone system to remove environmental pollutants from soil. In conjunction with ozonation, the study employed electrochemically generated hydrogen peroxide using a carbon electrode, addressing concerns about transportation and storage. Experiments were structured using response surface methodology (RSM) with three variables: ozone dosages ranging from 4 to 8 l/hr, initial pollutant concentrations from 20 to 50 mg/kg, and treatment durations between 7 and 14 days. The effectiveness of phenol removal from soil was assessed by applying a consistent voltage of 1 V/cm to the soil samples in all experiments. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18660.html Large and complex infrastructure projects, especially water and sewage projects, are always exposed to various external and internal risks. Therefore, it is important to identify and prioritize project risks as part of the risk management process for project-oriented organizations. The purpose of this research is to evaluate and prioritize the risks of water and sewage projects with the combined approach of Prometheus and Gaia analysis. In order to assess the risk of projects, it is necessary to first identify the types of risks in projects. Risks were extracted using the data of previous researches, the opinions of university professors, and contractors in the field of water and sewage, and the final selection of risks was done by screening through the fuzzy Delphi method, and finally, out of 68 risks, 37 risks were selected for ranking using It was extracted from Promethee method and Gaia analysis. In this research, first, an expert team was formed to determine the risk rating of water and sewage projects, and they rated the risks based on 4 criteria: cost, time, quality of the project, and the level of productivity and profitability of the project. The results of this research are consistent with the results of some researches that have been done in the field of identifying and prioritizing the risks of construction projects such as water and sewage and dam construction. Also, the results indicated that the use of Promethee method and Gaia analysis can more accurately rate the risk of water and sewage projects https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18767.html In this research, for the first time, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of local separation of rebar on the mechanical performance of reinforced concrete shear walls using the finite element method. The mechanical properties of concrete and rebar used have been obtained using experimental tests. Finite element analysis has been done with the help of ABAQUS software, and the interaction modeling between rebar and concrete has been defined using surface-to-surface contact and adhesive contact area models. The laboratory model was used to validate the numerical model and after matching the numerical answers with the laboratory model, the effect of different parameters was studied. In experimental samples, the effect of rebar separation from concrete has been done using 150 mm sheathing. The main variable in this research is the sheath length to create local isolation. The results show that if the proper length of separation of rebar from concrete is chosen, the lateral stiffness of the border element increases and buckling of the member occurs in larger strains than the element without separation. Also, local isolation can increase the carrying capacity. Therefore, this method can be useful and applicable to prevent the buckling of boundary elements of the shear wall. Also, increasing the rebar separation length increases the crack width near sheathing, while the sheathing length at the first buckling of the specimen also does not significantly affect the axial length of the specimens. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_18999.html Project risk refers to possible conditions in the future that can have a positive or negative effect on the project's goals. The main goal of the risk management process is to identify risks and manage them in the project. The risk management process in the PMBOK standard includes the identification of risks based on expert opinions and their ranking based on the probability-effect matrix. In this research, the Delphi process was used to identify the risk factors of construction projects and the combination of DEMATEL and ANP methods was used to discover the relationship between risks and their ranking. Birjand, as the capital of South Khorasan province, is considered one of the most important cities in the east of Iran, therefore, the creation and operation of facilities related to the collection, transfer, treatment and sanitary disposal of wastewater is of great importance. Using the proposed method, in a case study, the proposed method for identifying and ranking risks in Birjand urban sewage projects has been investigated in order to prove the effectiveness of the model and on the other hand, to identify and rank the risks in this project. The ranking results of the criteria showed that the quality management criterion with a weight of 0.405 has the highest relative weight among other criteria. The stakeholder management criterion with a weight of 0.12 has the lowest relative weight. Therefore, quality management criterion is ranked first, time and cost management, integrated management and stakeholder management are ranked second to fourth respectively. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19031.html The aim of this thesis is evaluation of the seismic performance of steel shear walls with different types of elliptical openings and (RBS). Some of the parameters investigated are the effect of geometric characteristics of elliptical openings on the strength and ductility of shear walls under dynamic loads and the determination of improvement strategies for the cyclic behavior of steel shear walls. Also, the effect of the number of these openings and the comparison of the analysis of the changes in the seismic behavior of the shear wall in different arrangements of these openings and the comparison of the shear wall with continuous web plate with the models with elliptical openings will be discussed and studied. The results of the research show that these methods increase the ductility and energy absorption and reduce the damage in the connection and column areas. Also, the results indicate that the use of low yield point steel in the web plate reduces the shear force and increases the lateral displacement and ductility of the shear walls. Furthermore, the effects of different parameters such as the size and shape of the openings and the type of connections on the behavior of steel shear walls are also investigated. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_19594.html Climate change and increased drought duration cause an increase in area of barren and a decrease in vegetation cover, thus increasing the probability of flood events human and financial losses. In the research, the drought index in the Qatur catchment and the determination of the length of the wet and drought were used from the SPI index. In the following, the flow behavior in the basin was used to analyze the hydrological phenomenon and the uncertainty of sensitive factors. Using the monthly runoff statistics of the basin(1990-2018) in the SWATCUP and the SUFI2 algorithm, the performance was evaluated by selecting70% of it for calibration and30% for validation. The values of the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient in the calibration periods ranged from 0.8-0.52 and the validation ranged from 0.7-0.46 at the hydrometric stations, indicating the good efficiency of the SWAT model. The results of the SDI hydraulic drought index model were used to analyze the region. The results showed that in the upstream parts of the watersheds, the alignment of the SPI and SDI indices was observed at the Molhazan and MusaQoli stations, and in the other stations, there is no specific alignment between the indices, which is due to the lack of alignment related to surface water withdrawal along the route to the outlet point.Lack of data sufficient data to calculate the drought indices, the SWAT model can be used to simulate predictions and statistical gaps, and to evaluate the causes of land use changes, a comparison two indices can be used. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20203.html This study examines the cyclic behavior and seismic performance of an all-steel-web buckling-restrained brace (BRB). Initially, a numerical model of the BRB was developed using ABAQUS software and validated against experimental results, demonstrating good agreement. The brace was subjected to a cyclic loading protocol based on AISC 341-10 standards. Following validation, parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of two key parameters: the thickness of the steel core and the friction coefficient between the core and the surrounding steel encasing. Results from the nonlinear static analyses revealed that both parameters significantly influence brace performance. Increasing the steel core thickness and the friction coefficient enhances the ultimate strength of the brace. However, a higher friction coefficient adversely affects ductility and energy dissipation capacity. Notably, buckling initiation was observed at a friction coefficient of 0.4, indicating a critical threshold beyond which performance may degrade. In the second phase of the study, the seismic performance of a four-story frame equipped with BRBs was evaluated using Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA). The results showed that frames with conventional bracing systems tend to collapse under lower spectral acceleration levels, while those equipped with BRBs demonstrated higher collapse capacities. The IDA curves of BRB-equipped frames exhibited a consistent upward trend, confirming the superior seismic resilience provided by BRBs. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20593.html strongback brace frame is one of the new systems introduced to prevent the soft story mechanism. Despite the appropriate behavior of this system in studies, these studies are limited and the various aspects affecting the design of this system require further investigation.In this study, various configurations of the elastic truss and inelastic bracing members were investigated to evaluate their effects on the structural behavior and force distribution in the elastic truss members under cyclic static loading. The results indicate that the use of yielding ties can reduce the forces in other members of the elastic truss by up to 30%. However, after buckling occurs, these ties lead to a concentration of deformation—up to 30%—in a single story, which consequently increases the forces in other members. Implementing a yielding tie in the first story not only increases the overall structural strength, but also reduces the force in other ties by up to 30%. Nevertheless, it leads to an increase of up to 20% in the uplift force of the column. The evaluation of different configurations also revealed that using V- and inverted V-shaped (chevron) layouts significantly increases the forces in elastic truss members—by up to 100%. However, by applying yielding ties, it is possible to reduce these forces by approximately 50%. Furthermore, reducing the length of the inelastic region, although initially decreasing the induced forces, leads to premature failure of the braces during higher displacement cycles, resulting in a significant drop in structural strength at large deformations. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20738.html Many countries have special regulations for designing buildings against earthquake loads. In these regulations, parameters such as site conditions, seismicity of the construction site, importance of the building, and type of building structure are influential factors. To consider these parameters in determining and distributing earthquake forces, special coefficients have been introduced, and the approach to these coefficients in different regulations is different. In most of these regulations, the calculation and distribution of base shear is based on elastic analysis. This problem does not consider the actual behavior of the structure under the influence of severe earthquakes. To improve this problem, a new method that considers the effect of the plastic behavior of the structure on the distribution of earthquake force in height is used in this paper. This method is called performance-based plastic design (PBPD). The main focus of this research is to investigate the performance of the eccentrically braced frames (EBF) with horizontal link beams considering tuned mass damper (TMD), whose lateral load distribution in its design is based on the Iranian Standard 2800 and the PBPD method. It should be noted that the design of the frames is based on the capacity method. The results show that in the frames designed by the PBPD method, the number of plastic hinges is more and the yielding is distributed in the height of the building. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20976.html Despite the complex hydrology of karst systems, which typically necessitates specialized modeling approaches due to rapid flow dynamics and multiple flow regimes, hydrological models may yield adequate results in basins with limited data resolution. This study evaluates the performance of three hydrological models LSTM, Mapshed and HBV in the karstic Kucuk Aksu basin in Turkey’s western Mediterranean coast. The research examined nine years (2013-2021) of daily meteorological and streamflow data to identify dominant hydrological elements and evaluate the accuracy of the model. The snow cover indices derived from satellite imagery analysis were used in the training of the LSTM model. The results indicate that LSTM model produced overall better performance metrics compare to two conceptual models. The results have been evaluated according to Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and R2 performance indicators. During calibration, the NSE values for the LSTM, HBV, and Mapshed models were calculated as 0.82, 0.74, and 0.72, respectively, whilst during validation, the NSE values were calculated as 0.90, 0.75, and 0.50, in the same order. The study demonstrates that, despite karstic geology, complex Mediterranean climate patterns and low temporal resolution of the available data, LSTM and HBV models can provide reliable river flow forecast. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_20997.html The purpose of this study is to investigate the strength and failure of various shapes of plate girders with corrugated and flat webs under patch and distributed loading First, the failure mechanisms of plate girders were studied then by using the studies, verify the validity of the samples a comparison between the numerical model and the laboratory sample has been made. a plate girder with a flat web is considered as the base web as well as plate girders including square, triangular, trapezoidal, flat with stiffener, combined web and sinusoidal shapes. The amount of steel used for the analysis and comparison of the samples is assumed to be the same, Modeling of the samples was done by ABAQUS software, finally comparing the strength of this type of plate girders with a flat girder, among them, the best form of corrugated girder in terms of strength under patch and distributed loads was presented. The results obtained showed that corrugation of the plate girders changes their behavior and better performance under patch and distributed loading. Also, the geometrical parameters of the model such as: wave angle, web thickness, have had a great impact on the strength of numerical models, so that in some web shapes, including triangular webs, under a distributed load, Reducing the thickness of the web significantly reduces the resistance of the sample, and in the composite web under distributed loading, the change in the fold angle and the web thickness did not have much effect on the model's resistance. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21181.html Optimal water resource management under unstable climatic conditions requires advanced computational tools that can support intelligent, environment adaptive decision making. In this study, a self adaptive version of the Horse Algorithm (HA) is developed to alleviate the limitations of the classical version, such as premature convergence and sensitivity to parameter settings. In the proposed model, each agent (horse) is equipped with a dynamic learning rate that is automatically updated based on the improvement of the objective function at every iteration. This mechanism balances wide range exploration in the early stages with focused exploitation of promising regions in the later stages. To assess performance, the self adaptive Horse Algorithm (SA HA) and the classical HA were applied to the optimal water allocation problem of the Qaranqu Reservoir in East Azerbaijan Province, with the objective of maximizing the ratio of water supplied during the operation period. Results show that the adaptive version, compared with the baseline, yields an approximate 17 % increase in water supply efficiency, a 27 % reduction in deficit, and improves the system reliability index from 0.59 to 0.68. Moreover, SA HA, by dynamically and automatically tuning its movement parameters, reduces result volatility and accelerates convergence. The findings indicate that incorporating a self adaptive mechanism into HA markedly enhances the algorithm’s accuracy, stability, and flexibility for managing complex water resource systems, making it an effective approach for optimizing sustainable operation decisions. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21223.html In recent years, the technology of Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) structures has gained significant attention due to its superior capabilities in reducing building weight and enhancing earthquake safety. Reducing building weight is a critical factor in structural design as it directly influences seismic forces. In this study, lightweight polystyrene aggregate concrete (PAC) was used to improve the performance of these structures. After validating element models with the experimental results published by Hegyi et al. (2016), the behavior of Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) structures with and without PAC coating was examined under seismic loading. Numerical analyses using ABAQUS software revealed that structures reinforced with PAC coating exhibited higher load-bearing capacity, greater energy absorption, and improved resistance to buckling compared to uncoated structures. Moreover, the lateral displacement of these structures was within the permissible range specified by the codes. The results indicate that using PAC concrete can significantly enhance the stability and performance of structures against earthquakes. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21228.html This study intends to investigate the specifications of the dynamic properties of sand with 60% non-plastic silt, improved by cement and different percentages of Montmorillonite nanoclay (nanoclay will replace some parts of the cement contents) using a cyclic triaxial strain control test subjected to confining pressure and different strain ranges. Shear modulus, damping ration and liquification of the normal (without treatment) and stabilized soil with cement and nanoclay. In this study, initially the dynamic parameters (shear modulus and damping ratio) of the fine-grained silty soil were investigated by cyclic triaxial experiments. Based on the results, with increasing shear strain, the stiffness created at the inter granular contact surfaces diminished and caused loosening and rupture of the cement paste joints. This event, also freed the confinement caused by the stiffness and ultimately by increasing the strain levels, it reduced the shear modulus. And shear modulus values decrease and damping increases for all specimens, including silty sand, cemented silty sand and nano-clay cemented silty sand specimens, with increasing shear strain. For all specimens, including silty sand, cemented silty sand, and nano-clay cemented silty sand specimens, the shear modulus values increased and damping diminished with elevating the confining pressure. https://ceej.tabrizu.ac.ir/article_21493.html Earthquakes are the direct result of fault displacement and rupture, and the propagation of this rupture to the ground surface. Many destructive earthquakes occur along active faults. Therefore, studying and assessing fault setbacks (or fault-influenced zones) is a vital measure for mitigating earthquake-related natural disasters. Considering that existing code guidelines and technical literature have not adequately addressed the simultaneous importance and influence of parameters affecting fault setbacks, nor have they paid sufficient attention to soil and fault characteristics, this research attempts to qualitatively evaluate the importance and relationship of geometric and geomechanical parameters influencing fault setbacks in both the hanging wall and footwall sections. To assess the significance of these parameters, Morris's comprehensive sensitivity analysis and the Random Forest algorithm were employed. The results of this analysis indicate that soil layer height has the most significant importance and influence on displacements caused by fault movement, and this effect is greater in reverse faults than in normal faults. Furthermore, among the geomechanical parameters, elastic soil parameters are more important than plastic soil parameters within the fault setback zone. Identifying these less significant parameters will significantly help reduce computational costs in future numerical studies. Additionally, the findings of this research pave the way for a quantitative investigation into the importance and interaction of highly significant parameters in future fault setback studies. This achievement will contribute to the development of more precise code guidelines for ensuring infrastructure safety.