Classification of Carbonated Soils from Geotechnical Point of View (Case study: Marly Soils of Tabriz)

Authors

1 Aras international Campus, University of Tabriz

2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz

10.22034/ceej.2018.8240

Abstract

With the corridor development of the Tabriz city in the east direction, a large part of urban development is located in a context of uneven topography and more on marl soils, either on the surface or in the depth.
Review of scientific articles and geotechnical studies conducted at regional level indicate that in the description of Tabriz marls, no enough attention has been paid to recognize, describe and classify them; so that it is usually confined to mentioning the “marl” and describing its color. This study tries to specify some characteristics of various parameters of marls through conducting several tests in order to introduce the marl of Tabriz more and determine its position in the general definition of marl in the world; so that this study could be an introduction to a separate description and classification system that covers more distinct properties of this kind of soils and provides a more rigorous definition of it.
Marl is a simple binary mixture of clay and calcium carbonate. However, because of the vast differences in type, and origin, there is no unified definition for marl. Large volumes of lacustrine carbonate sediment outcrops, locally known as Tabriz Marl, surrounds eastern and southern regions of Tabriz city in the Azerbaijan province of Iran. Tabriz Marl is generally known as a plastic and sticky, difficult to handle, and a very poor quality subgrade and embankment material. For these reasons, considerable volumes of cut soil, produced due to numerous developing projects of urban area and industrial zones, are inevitably dumped over valleys, low-lying areas, and also on hillsides. This trend causes man- made settling and sliding soil masses, which are causing considerable property losses and damage.

Keywords


خامه­چیان م، رضایی ح، نیکودل م­ر، "بررسی پتانسیل تورم­پذیری سنگ­های مارنی سازند آب تلخ"، چهارمین همایش انجمن زمین­شناسی ایران، تبریز، انجمن زمین­شناسی ایران، دانشگاه تبریز، 1379.
سلیمانی قره­گل م، اصغری ا، کیانی م، "بررسی رفتار تنش- کرنش تک محوری مارن­های تبریز"، چهارمین همایش بین­المللی مهندسی ژئوتکنیک و مکانیک خاک ایران، تهران، انجمن ژئوتکنیک ایران، ۱۳۸۹.
کمیته دائمی بازنگری آیین­نامه طراحی ساختمان­ها در برابر زلزله، "آیین­نامه طراحی ساختمان­ها در برابر زلزله استاندارد 93-2800"، ویرایش چهارم، مرکز تحقیقات ساختمان و مسکن، 1393.
لشکری­پور غ، آقاملایی ا، غفوری م، "بررسی خصوصیات زمین­شناسی مهندسی سنگ­های مارنی ساختگاه سد صفا"، نشریه زمین­شناسی مهندسی دانشگاه خوارزمی، دوره 7، شماره 2، 1392.
هوشمند ع، بهلولی ب، اصغری ا، "تعیین مدول تغییر شکل مارن­های شرق تبریز با آزمایشگاه درجا"، بیست و پنجمین گردهمایی علوم زمین، تهران، وزارت صنایع و معادن، سازمان زمین­شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور، ۱۳۸۵.
Beckwith GH, Hansen LA, “Calcareous Soils of the Southwestern United States”, In: Demars, K. R., Chaney R. (Eds.), ASTM STP, 1982, vol. 777, ASTM, Philadelphia, 16-35.
Bell FG, “A survey of the physical properties of some carbonate rocks”, Bulletin International Association Engineering Geology, 1981, 24, 105-110
Clark AR, Walker BF, “A Proposed Scheme for the Classification and Nomenclature for use in the Engineering Description of Middle Eastern Sedimentary Rocks”, Geotechnique, 1977, 27 (1), 93-99.
Datta M, Gulhati SK, Rao GV, “Engineering behavior of carbonate soils of India and some observations on classification of such soils” In: Demars, K. R., Chaney R. (Eds.), ASTM STP vol. 777. ASTM, Philadelphia, 1982, 113-140.
Demars KR, Nacci VA, Kelly WE, Wang MC, “Carbonate Content: An Index Property for Ocean Sediments”, Proc. 8th OTC Conf., Houston, Paper OTC2627, 1976, 97-106.
El Howayek A, Bobet A, Dawood S, Ferdon A, Santagata M, Siddiki NZ, “Classification of Organic Soils and Classification of Marls Training of INDOT Personnel”, Publication FHWA/IN/JTRP-2012/22, Joint Transportation Research Program, Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 2012.
Fookes PG, Higginbottom IE, “The classification and description of near-shore carbonate sediments for engineering purposes”, Geotechnique, 1975, 2, 406-411.
Ghobadi M, Babazadeh R, “Engineering geological investigations along the Tabriz subway extension focusing on ground surface settlement, northwestern Iran”, Journal of Engineering Geology, Kharazmi University, 2013, Vol. 6, No. 2, (1501-1524.
Goudie A, “Calcrete”, In: A. Goudie and K. Pye (eds.), Chemical Sediments and Geomorphology: Precipitates and Residua in the Near Surface Environment, New York, Academic Press, 1983, 93-131.
INDOT, “Geotechnical Manual”, Indiana Department of Transportation, Indianapolis, (2008).
Jung CM, Bobet A, Siddiki NZ, “Simple Method to Identify Marl Soils”, Transportation Research Record, 2011, Vol. 2232, 76-84.
King RW, Van Hooydon WR, Kolk HF, Windle D, “Geotechnical Investigations of Calcareous Sands on the North-West Shelf, Australia”, Proc. 12th Annual OTC Conf., Houston, Paper OTC 3772, 1980.
McCarthy DF, “Essentials of soil mechanics and foundations”, Reston Publishing, 1977.
Mitchell RS, “Dictionary of rocks”, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985.
Netterberg F, “The geology and engineering properties of South African calcretes” CSIR Monograph, Pretoria, Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1969.
Pettijohn FJ, “Sedimentary Rocks”, 526. New York: Harper & Bros., 1949.
Qahwash AA, “Geological properties of fine-grained calcareous sediments for engineering purposes”, Engineering Geology, 1989, Vol 26, 161-169.
Shaqur FM, Jarrar G, Hencher S, Kuisi M, “Geotechnical and Mineralogical characteristics of marl deposits in Jordan”, Environmental Geology, 2008, Vol. 55, 1777-1783.
Tsiambaos G, “Correlation of mineralogy and index properties with residual strength of Iraklion marls”, Engineering Geology, 1991, Vol. 30, 357-369.
Terzaghi k, Peck RB, “Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice”, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y., 1967.