Determination of Effective Penetration Depth of Stone Column in Earth Slope using Numerical and Experimental method

Authors

Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah

10.22034/ceej.2018.7572

Abstract

Stabilization of earth is one of the main issues in the geotechnical engineering. A common method for reinforcing earth slopes is using stone columns. In all earth slopes, the primary way for stabilization is the excavation in slope crest and/or filling slope toes, if this action would not increase safety factor enough, other procedures should applied. Three common styles of stabilization methods are; vertical reinforcement (such as stone columns), horizontal reinforcement (like geotextile layers), oblique reinforcement (such as nailing). Using numerical and analytical approaches in reinforced slope stability by stone column is the common method which done by many researchers. Earth slope stability threaten by various factors such as earthquake forces, water table changes, filling upstream and cutting downstream of slope, which increase active forces and finally cause slope instability. When we are suspicious about stability of earth slopes, immediate actions and preventative steps should use for suppression of instability occurrence. The purpose of this research is experimentally and numerically investigates stone column behavior and penetration depth in stiff layer in two-layered sandy slope. In this article sandy slope constructed and the model saturated by raining technique and then loading process carried out. With regard to the processes mentioned above, the penetration depth in stiffer layer gained which is the innovation of this paper. The acquired results confirmed by three-dimensional finite difference method (FLAC 3D). The results of experimental modeling and numerical analysis also indicate that presence of stone column in middle of two-layered sandy slope has a great impact on stability of reinforced slope.

Keywords

References

بدو ک، دیلمقانی ب، "ارزیابی پایداری و نشست خاکریز میان‌گذر دریاچه ارومیه"، نشریه مهندسی عمران و محیط زیست، جلد 44 (2)، 1393، 60-68.
حاجی‌عزیزی م، نصیری م، "بررسی آزمایشگاهی تأثیر میزان چسبندگی در پایداری شیب‌های خاکی مسلح با ستون سنگی"، نشریه مهندسی عمران مدرس، دوره 17 (1)، 1396، 65-78.
حاجی­عزیزی م، مظاهری ا، "ارائه‌ روشی جدید جهت تعیین جابجایی و نیروهای وارد بر شمع‌های نصب شده در شیب‌های خاکی"، نشریه مهندسی عمران مدرس، دوره 16 (1)، 1395، 189-198.
عامل‌سخی م، منافی س، "تحلیل پایداری استاتیکی و شبه استاتیکی شیروانی‌های خاکی مسلح به ژئوفابریک"، نشریه مهندسی عمران و محیط زیست دانشگاه تبریز، جلد 43 (4)، 1392، 88-96.
Abramson LW, Lee T, Sharma S, Boyce G, “Slope stability and stabilization methods”, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.
Abusharar SW, Han J, “Two-dimensional deep-seated slope stability analysis of embankments over stone column improvement soft clay”, Engineering Geology, 2011, 120, 103-110.
Aboshi H, Ichimoto E, Harada K, Emoki M, “The composer-A method to improve the characteristics of soft clays by inclusion of large diameter sand columns”, Proc., Int. Conf. on Soil Reinforcement., E.N.P.C., 1, Paris, 1979, pp. 211–216,
Adalier K, Elgamal A, Meneses J, Baez JI, “Stone columns as liquefaction countermeasure in non-plastic silty soils”, Soil Dyn Earthq Engineering, 2003, 23, 571–584.
Ambily AP, Gandhi SR, “Behavior of stone columns based on experimental and FEM analysis”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2007, 133 (4), 405-415.
Balaam NP, Poulos HG, Brown PT, “Settlement analysis of soft clays reinforced with granular piles”, Proc., 5th Asian Conf. on Soil Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand, 1978, pp. 81-92.
Barksdale RD, Bachus RC, “Design and construction of stone columns”, Federal Highway Administration, 1983, R.D-83/ 026 Bauer GE.
Bergado DT, Singh N, Sim SH, Panichayatum B, Sampaco CL, Balasubramaniam AS, “Improvement of soft Bangkok clay using vertical geotextile band drains compared with granular piles”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 1990, 9 (3), 203–231.
Black JA, Sivakumar V, Madhav MR, Hamill, G. A., “Reinforced stone columns in weak deposits: laboratory model study”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2007, 133 (9)1154–1161.
Bergado DT, Panichayatum B, Sampaco CL, Miura N, “Reinforcement of soft Bangkok clay using granular piles”, International Geotechnical Symposium on Theory and Practice of Earth Reinforcement, Kyushu, Japan, 1988, pp. 179–184.
Bergado DT, Chai JC, Alfaro MC, Balasubramanium AS, “Improvement Techniques of soft Ground in Subsiding and Lowland Environment”, 1994, Balkema, Rotterdam.
Cai F, Ugai K, “Numerical analysis of the stability of a slope reinforced with piles”, Soils and Foundations, 2000, 40, 73–84.
Connor SS, Gorski AG, “A timely solution for the Nojoqi Grade landslide. Repair US 101 South of Buellton”, 51st Annual Highway Geology Symposium, Seattle, 2000, pp. 1–11.
Cooper MR, Rose AN, “Stone column support for an embankment on deep alluvial soils”, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Geotechnical Engineering, 1999, 37 (1),15–25.
Christoulas S, Giannaros C, Tsiambaos G, “Stabilization of embankment foundations by using stone columns”, Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 1997, 15 (3), 247–258.
Datye KR, Nagaraju, SS, “Design approach and field control for stone columns”, Proc. of 10th International Conference on SMFE, Stockholm, 3, pp. 637–640, 1981.
Dheerendra BMR, Sitaram N, Shivashankar R, “A Critical Review of Construction, Analysis and Behavior of stone column”, Geotech Geol Engineering, 2013, 31 1–22.
Fakher A, Jones CJFP, “Discussion on bearing capacity of rectangular footings on geogrid reinforced sand by Yetimoglu, T., Wu, J.T.H., Saglamer, A., 1994” Journal of Geotechical Engineering,1996, 122, 326-327.
Gazavi M, NazariAfshar J, “Bearing capacity of geosynthetic encased stone columns”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 2013, 38, 26-36.
Greenwood DA, “Mechanical improvement of soils below ground surfaces”, In: Proceedings of the ground Engineering conference, Institution of Civil Engineers, London, 1970, pp. 11-22.
Greenwood DA, Kirsch K, “Specialist ground treatment by vibratory and dynamic methods. State of the art report. Pilling and ground treatment”, Thomas Telford, London, 1984, pp. 17-45
Guetif Z, Bouassida M, Debats JM, “Improved soft clay characteristics due to stone column installation”, Computers and Geotechnics. 2007, 34. pp. 104–111.
Hajiazizi M, Nasiri M, “Experimental and numerical study of earth slope reinforcement using ordinary and rigid stone column”, International Journal of Mining and Geo-Engineering, 2018, 52 (1).
Hajiazizi M, Nemati E, Nasiri M, Bavali M, Sharifipour M, “Optimal location of stone column in stabilization of sand slope: An experimental and 3D numerical investigation”,Scientia Iranica, Article In Press.
Han J, Ye SL, “A theoretical solution for consolidation rates of stone column-reinforced foundation accounting for smear and well resistance effects”, International Journal Geomech 2 (2), 2002, 135–151.
Han J, Ye SL, “A simplified method for computing consolidation rate of stone column reinforced foundations”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Engineering, ASCE 2001, 127 (7), 597–603.
Hughes JMO, Withers NJ, “Reinforcing of soft cohesive soils with stone columns”, Ground Engineering, 1974, 7 (3), 42–49.
Hughes JMO, Withers NJ, Greenwood DA, “A field trial of the reinforcing effect of a stone column in soil”, Geotechnique, 1975, 25 (1), pp. 31–44.
Heitz C, Kempfert HG, Alexiew D, “Embankment project on soft subsoil with grouted stone column sand geogrids”, In 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 2005, Osaka, pp. 1359–1363.
Hegde AM, Sitharam TG, “Experimental and numerical studies on protection of buried pipeline sand underground utilities using geocells”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes, Article in press: 2015, 1-10.
Kirsch F, Sondermann W, “Field measurements and numerical analysis of the stress distribution below stone column supported embankments and their stability”, In International Workshop on Geotechnics of Soft Soil Theory and Practice, Essen, 2003, pp. 595–600.
Keykhosropur, L., Soroush, A., Imam, R., “3D numerical analyses of geosynthetic encased stone columns”, Geotextiles and Geomembranes. 2012, 35, pp. 61–68.
Kumar S, “Reduction liquefaction potential using dynamic compaction and construction of stone columns”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 2001, 19, 169-182.
Lee, JS, Pande GN, “Analysis of stone-column reinforced foundations”, International Journal of Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. Geomech. 1998, 22, 1001–1020.
Mohanty P, Samanta M, “Experimental and numerical studies on response of stone column in layered soil” International Journal of Geosynthics and Ground Engineering, 2015, 27. 1-14.
Murugesan, S., Rajagopal, K., “Geosynthetic encased stone columns: Numerical evaluation”, Geotextile and Geomembranes, 2006, 24, pp. 349-358.
Madhav MR, Vitkar PP, “Strip footing on weak clay stabilized with a granular trench or pile”, Candian. Geotechnical Journal, 1978, 15 (4), 605–609.
Mitchell JK, “Soil improvement-state of the art report”, In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Soil mechanics and foundation Engineering, Stockholm, 1981, pp. 509–565.
Munfakh GA, “Soil reinforcement by stone columns-varied case applications”, International Conference In situ Soil Rock Reinforce, 1984, Paris, pp. 157–162.
Murugesan S, Rajagopal K, “Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: numerical evaluation”, Geotextile and Geomembrane. 2006, 24, 349–358.
Madhav MR, Miura N, “Soil improvement panel report on stone columns”, In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, New Delhi, India, 1994, pp. 163–164.
McKenna JM, Eyre WA, Wolstenholme DR, “Performance of an embankment supported by stone columns in soft ground”, Geotechnique, 1975, 25 (1) 51–59.
Priebe HJ, “The design of vibro-replacement”, Ground Engineering, 1995, 28 (12), 31–37.
Priebe HJ, “The design of Vibro replacement”, Ground Engineering, 1995, 28 (10), 31–37.
Poorooshasb HB, Meyerhof, GG, “Analysis of behavior of stone columns and lime columns”, Computers and Geotechnics, 1996, 20(1), 47–70.
Rathgeb E, Kutzner C, “Some applications of the vibro-replacement process”, Geotechnique, 1975, 25 (1), 45–50.
Sawwaf M, “Strip footing behavior on pile and sheet pile-stabilized sand slope”, ASCE. 2005, 131 (6), 705-715.
Shivashankar R, Dheerendra MR, Nayak S, Rajathkumar V, “Experimental studies on behavior of stone columns in layered soils”, Geotechnic and Geology Engineering, 2011, 29, 749-757.
Tan SA, Khine KO, “Finite element modeling of stone columns- a case history”, In 16th International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Osaka, 2005, pp. 1425–1428.
Vekli M, Aytekin M, Ikizler SB, Calik U, “Experimental and numerical investigation of slope stabilization by stone columns”, Nat Hazards, 2012, 64, 797-820.
Vesic AS, “Analysis of ultimate loads of shallow foundations” Soil Mechanics and Foundation, 1973, 99 (1), 45–73.
Xanthakos PP, Amberson LW, Bruce D, "Ground control and improvement", New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
 
Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Volume 48.1, Issue 90 - Serial Number 90
Spring 2018
June 2018
Pages 1-12

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics