Parametric Study and Formulation of Scfs in Axially Loaded Multi-Planar Tubular XT-Joints Reinforced with Internal Ring Stiffeners

Authors

1 National Centre for Maritime Engineering and Hydrodynamics, University of Tasmania, TAS 7248, Australia and Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4350, Australia

2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz , Iran

Abstract

Many tubular joints commonly found in offshore jacket structures are multi-planar. Investigating the effect of loaded out-of-plane braces on the values of the stress concentration factor (SCF) in offshore tubular joints has been the objective of numerous research works. However, due to the diversity of joint types and loading conditions, several quite important cases still exist that have not been studied thoroughly. Among them are internally ring-stiffened multi-planar XT-joints subjected to axial loading. In the present research, data extracted from the stress analysis of 81 finite element (FE) models, verified using experimental test results, was used to study the effects of geometrical parameters on the chord-side SCFs in multi-planar tubular XT-joints reinforced with internal ring stiffeners subjected to two types of axial loading. Parametric FE study was followed by a set of the nonlinear regression analyses to develop four new SCF parametric equations for the fatigue analysis and design of axially loaded multi-planar XT-joints reinforced with internal ring stiffeners.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Ahmadi H, Kouhi A, “Stress concentration factors of multi-planar tubular XT-joints subjected to out-of-plane bending moments”, Applied Ocean Research, 2020, 96, 102058.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Aminfar MH, “Distribution of weld toe stress concentration factors on the central brace in two-planar CHS DKT-connections of steel offshore structures”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2011a, 49, 1225-1236.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Aminfar MH, “Effect of stress concentration factors on the structural integrity assessment of multi-planar offshore tubular DKT-joints based on the fracture mechanics fatigue reliability approach”, Ocean Engineering, 2011b, 38, 1883-1893.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Aminfar MH, “Geometrical effect on SCF distribution in uni-planar tubular DKT-joints under axial loads”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2011c, 67, 1282-1291.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Aminfar MH, “The development of fatigue design formulas for the outer brace SCFs in offshore three-planar tubular KT-joints”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2012a, 58, 67-78.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Shao YB, Aminfar MH, “Parametric study and formulation of outer-brace geometric stress concentration factors in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures”, Applied Ocean Research, 2012b, 38, 74-91.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Shao YB, “Chord-side SCF distribution of central brace in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints: A geometrically parametric study”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2013, 70, 93-105.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, “A probability distribution model for stress concentration factors in multi-planar tubular DKT-joints of steel offshore structures”, Applied Ocean Research, 2012a, 34, 21-32.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, “Effect of SCFs on S–N based fatigue reliability of multi-planar tubular DKT-joints of offshore jacket-type structures”, Ships and Offshore Structures, 2013, 8, 55-72.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, “Geometrically parametric study of central brace SCFs in offshore three-planar tubular KT-joints”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2012b, 71, 149-161.

Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, “Stress concentration due to in-plane bending (IPB) loads in ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures: Parametric study and design formulation”, Applied Ocean Research, 2015, 51, 54-66.   

Ahmadi H, Mousavi Nejad Benam MA, “Probabilistic analysis of SCFs in unstiffened gap tubular KT-joints of jacket structures under the OPB moment loads”, Advances in Structural Engineering, 2017, 20, 595-615.

Ahmadi H, Zavvar E, “Stress concentration factors induced by out-of-plane bending loads in ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of jacket structures”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 91, 82–95.

Ahmadi H, Zavvar E, “The effect of multi-planarity on the SCFs in offshore tubular KT-joints subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane bending loads”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2016, 106, 148-165.

Ahmadi H, “A probability distribution model for SCFs in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures subjected to out-of-plane bending loads”, Ocean Engineering, 2016, 116, 184-199.

Ahmadi H. Mohammadi AH, Yeganeh A, Zavvar E, “Probabilistic analysis of stress concentration factors in tubular KT-joints reinforced with internal ring stiffeners under in-plane bending loads”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2016, 99, 58-75.

Ahmadi H, Mohammadi AH, Yeganeh A, “Probability density functions of SCFs in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures subjected to axial load”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 94, 485-499.

American Petroleum Institute (API), “Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms: Working stress design: RP 2A-WSD”, 21st Edition, Errata and Supplement 3, Washington DC, US; 2007.

American Welding Society (AWS), “Structural welding code: AWS D 1.1”, Miami (FL), US; 2002.

Bomel Consulting Engineers, “Assessment of SCF equations using Shell/KSEPL finite element data”, C5970R02.01 REV C; 1994.

Cao JJ, Yang GJ, Packer JA, “FE mesh generation for circular tubular joints with or without cracks”, Proceedings of the 7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Honolulu (HI), US; 1997.

Chang E, Dover WD, “Parametric equations to predict stress distributions along the intersection of tubular X and DT-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 1999a, 21, 619-635.

Chang E, Dover WD, “Prediction of stress distributions along the intersection of tubular Y and T-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 1999b, 21, 361-381.

Chiew SP, Soh CK, Wu NW, “Experimental and numerical stress analyses of tubular XT-joint”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1999, 125, 1239-1248.

Chiew SP, Soh CK, Wu NW, “General SCF design equations for steel multiplanar tubular XX-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2000, 22, 283-293.

Efthymiou M, “Development of SCF formulae and generalized influence functions for use in fatigue analysis”, OTJ 88, Surrey, UK; 1988.

Gao F, Shao YB, Gho WM, “Stress and strain concentration factors of completely overlapped tubular joints under lap brace IPB load”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2007, 63, 305-316.

Gao F, “Stress and strain concentrations of completely overlapped tubular joints under lap brace OPB load”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2006, 44, 861-871.

Gaspar B, Garbatov Y, Guedes Soares C, “Effect of weld shape imperfections on the structural hot-spot stress distribution”, Ships and Offshore Structures, 2011, 6 (1−2), 145-159.

Gho WM, Gao F, “Parametric equations for stress concentration factors in completely overlapped tubular K(N)-joints”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2004, 60, 1761-1782.

Hellier AK, Connolly M, Dover WD, “Stress concentration factors for tubular Y and T-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 1990, 12, 13-23.

Hoon KH, Wong LK, Soh AK, “Experimental investigation of a doubler-plate reinforced tubular T-joint subjected to combined loadings”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2001, 57, 1015-1039.

IIW-XV-E, “Recommended fatigue design procedure for welded hollow section joints, IIW Docs, XV-1035-99/XIII-1804-99”, International Institute of Welding, France; 1999.

Karamanos SA, Romeijn A, Wardenier J, “SCF equations in multi-planar welded tubular DT-joints including bending effects”, Marine Structures, 2002, 15, 157-173.

Karamanos SA, Romeijn A, Wardenier J, “Stress concentrations in multi-planar welded CHS XX-connections”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1999, 50, 259-282.

Karamanos SA, Romeijn A, Wardenier J, “Stress concentrations in tubular gap K-joints: mechanics and fatigue design”, Engineering Structures, 2000, 22, 4-14.

Kuang JG, Potvin AB, Leick RD, “Stress concentration in tubular joints”, Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Paper OTC 2205, Houston (TX), US; 1975.

Lee MK, Wilmshurst SR, “Numerical modeling of CHS joints with multiplanar double-K configuration”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1995, 32, 281-301.

Lee MMK, “Strength, stress and fracture analyses of offshore tubular joints using finite elements”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1999, 51, 265-286.

Liu G, Zhao X, Huang Y, “Prediction of stress distribution along the intersection of tubular T-joints by a novel structural stress approach”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2015, 80, 216-230.

Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Ahmadi H, “Effect of geometrical parameters on SCF distribution along the weld toe of tubular KT-joints under balanced axial loads”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2010, 32, 703-719.

Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Ahmadi H, “Geometric stress distribution along the weld toe of the outer brace in two-planar tubular DKT-joints: parametric study and deriving the SCF design equations”, Marine Structures, 2011, 24, 239-260.

Morgan MR, Lee MMK, “Parametric equations for distributions of stress concentration factors in tubular K-joints under out-of-plane moment loading”, International Journal of Fatigue, 1998a, 20, 449-461.

Morgan MR, Lee MMK, “Prediction of stress concentrations and degrees of bending in axially loaded tubular K-joints”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1998b, 45 (1), 67-97.

Myers PT, Brennan FP, Dover WD, “The effect of rack/rib plate on the stress concentration factors in jack-up chords”, Marine Structures, 2001, 14, 485-505.

N’Diaye A, Hariri S, Pluvinage G, Azari Z, “Stress concentration factor analysis for notched welded tubular T-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2007, 29, 1554-1570.

Nwosu DI, Swamidas ASJ, Munaswamy K, “Numerical stress analysis of internal ring-stiffened tubular T-joints”, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 1995, 117, 113-125.

Shao YB, Du ZF, Lie ST, “Prediction of hot spot stress distribution for tubular K-joints under basic loadings”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2009, 65, 2011-2026.

Shao YB, “Fatigue behaviour of uni-planar CHS gap K-joints under axial and in-plane bending loads”, PhD Thesis, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; 2004.

Shao YB, “Geometrical effect on the stress distribution along weld toe for tubular T- and K-joints under axial loading”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2007, 63, 1351-1360.

Shao YB, “Proposed equations of stress concentration factor (SCF) for gap tubular K-joints subjected to bending load”, International Journal of Space Structures, 2004, 19, 137-147.

Smedley P, Fisher P, “Stress concentration factors for simple tubular joints”, Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Edinburgh; 1991. p. 475-483.

Swanson Analysis Systems Inc., “ANSYS contact technology guide”, Canonsburg (PA), US; 2009.

UK Department of Energy (DoE), “Background notes to the fatigue guidance of offshore tubular joints”, UK DoE, London, UK; 1983.

UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE), “OTH 354: Stress concentration factors for simple tubular joints − assessment of existing and development of new parametric formulae”, UK HSE, London, UK; 1997.

UK Health and Safety Executive, “Offshore installations: guidance on design, construction and certification”, 3rd amendment to 4th edition, London, UK; 1995.

Underwater Engineering Group, “Design of tubular joints for offshore structures”, London (UK): UEG/CIRIA; 1985.

Wimpey Offshore, “In-service database for ring-stiffened tubular joints”, Report WOL 035/91; 1991.

Wingerde AM, Packer JA, Wardenier J, “Simplified SCF formulae and graphs for CHS and RHS K- and KK-connections”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2001, 57, 221-252.

Woghiren CO, Brennan FP, “Weld toe stress concentrations in multi planar stiffened tubular KK Joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2009, 31, 164-172.

Xu F, Chen J, Jin W, “Experimental investigation of SCF distribution for thin-walled concrete-filled CHS joints under axial tension loading”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 93, 149-157.

Yang J, Chen Y, Hu K, “Stress concentration factors of negative large eccentricity tubular N-joints under axial compressive loading in vertical brace”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 96, 359-371.

Zhao XL, Herion S, Packer JA, Puthli R, Sedlacek G, Wardenier J, “Design guide for circular and rectangular hollow section joints under fatigue loading”, CIDECT Publication No. 8, Germany: TUV Verlag; 2000.

References

Ahmadi H, Kouhi A, “Stress concentration factors of multi-planar tubular XT-joints subjected to out-of-plane bending moments”, Applied Ocean Research, 2020, 96, 102058.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Aminfar MH, “Distribution of weld toe stress concentration factors on the central brace in two-planar CHS DKT-connections of steel offshore structures”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2011a, 49, 1225-1236.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Aminfar MH, “Effect of stress concentration factors on the structural integrity assessment of multi-planar offshore tubular DKT-joints based on the fracture mechanics fatigue reliability approach”, Ocean Engineering, 2011b, 38, 1883-1893.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Aminfar MH, “Geometrical effect on SCF distribution in uni-planar tubular DKT-joints under axial loads”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2011c, 67, 1282-1291.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Aminfar MH, “The development of fatigue design formulas for the outer brace SCFs in offshore three-planar tubular KT-joints”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2012a, 58, 67-78.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Shao YB, Aminfar MH, “Parametric study and formulation of outer-brace geometric stress concentration factors in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures”, Applied Ocean Research, 2012b, 38, 74-91.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Shao YB, “Chord-side SCF distribution of central brace in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints: A geometrically parametric study”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2013, 70, 93-105.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, “A probability distribution model for stress concentration factors in multi-planar tubular DKT-joints of steel offshore structures”, Applied Ocean Research, 2012a, 34, 21-32.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, “Effect of SCFs on S–N based fatigue reliability of multi-planar tubular DKT-joints of offshore jacket-type structures”, Ships and Offshore Structures, 2013, 8, 55-72.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, “Geometrically parametric study of central brace SCFs in offshore three-planar tubular KT-joints”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2012b, 71, 149-161.
Ahmadi H, Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, “Stress concentration due to in-plane bending (IPB) loads in ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures: Parametric study and design formulation”, Applied Ocean Research, 2015, 51, 54-66.   
Ahmadi H, Mousavi Nejad Benam MA, “Probabilistic analysis of SCFs in unstiffened gap tubular KT-joints of jacket structures under the OPB moment loads”, Advances in Structural Engineering, 2017, 20, 595-615.
Ahmadi H, Zavvar E, “Stress concentration factors induced by out-of-plane bending loads in ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of jacket structures”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 91, 82–95.
Ahmadi H, Zavvar E, “The effect of multi-planarity on the SCFs in offshore tubular KT-joints subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane bending loads”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2016, 106, 148-165.
Ahmadi H, “A probability distribution model for SCFs in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures subjected to out-of-plane bending loads”, Ocean Engineering, 2016, 116, 184-199.
Ahmadi H. Mohammadi AH, Yeganeh A, Zavvar E, “Probabilistic analysis of stress concentration factors in tubular KT-joints reinforced with internal ring stiffeners under in-plane bending loads”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2016, 99, 58-75.
Ahmadi H, Mohammadi AH, Yeganeh A, “Probability density functions of SCFs in internally ring-stiffened tubular KT-joints of offshore structures subjected to axial load”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 94, 485-499.
American Petroleum Institute (API), “Recommended practice for planning, designing and constructing fixed offshore platforms: Working stress design: RP 2A-WSD”, 21st Edition, Errata and Supplement 3, Washington DC, US; 2007.
American Welding Society (AWS), “Structural welding code: AWS D 1.1”, Miami (FL), US; 2002.
Bomel Consulting Engineers, “Assessment of SCF equations using Shell/KSEPL finite element data”, C5970R02.01 REV C; 1994.
Cao JJ, Yang GJ, Packer JA, “FE mesh generation for circular tubular joints with or without cracks”, Proceedings of the 7th International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference, Honolulu (HI), US; 1997.
Chang E, Dover WD, “Parametric equations to predict stress distributions along the intersection of tubular X and DT-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 1999a, 21, 619-635.
Chang E, Dover WD, “Prediction of stress distributions along the intersection of tubular Y and T-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 1999b, 21, 361-381.
Chiew SP, Soh CK, Wu NW, “Experimental and numerical stress analyses of tubular XT-joint”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1999, 125, 1239-1248.
Chiew SP, Soh CK, Wu NW, “General SCF design equations for steel multiplanar tubular XX-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2000, 22, 283-293.
Efthymiou M, “Development of SCF formulae and generalized influence functions for use in fatigue analysis”, OTJ 88, Surrey, UK; 1988.
Gao F, Shao YB, Gho WM, “Stress and strain concentration factors of completely overlapped tubular joints under lap brace IPB load”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2007, 63, 305-316.
Gao F, “Stress and strain concentrations of completely overlapped tubular joints under lap brace OPB load”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2006, 44, 861-871.
Gaspar B, Garbatov Y, Guedes Soares C, “Effect of weld shape imperfections on the structural hot-spot stress distribution”, Ships and Offshore Structures, 2011, 6 (1−2), 145-159.
Gho WM, Gao F, “Parametric equations for stress concentration factors in completely overlapped tubular K(N)-joints”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2004, 60, 1761-1782.
Hellier AK, Connolly M, Dover WD, “Stress concentration factors for tubular Y and T-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 1990, 12, 13-23.
Hoon KH, Wong LK, Soh AK, “Experimental investigation of a doubler-plate reinforced tubular T-joint subjected to combined loadings”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2001, 57, 1015-1039.
IIW-XV-E, “Recommended fatigue design procedure for welded hollow section joints, IIW Docs, XV-1035-99/XIII-1804-99”, International Institute of Welding, France; 1999.
Karamanos SA, Romeijn A, Wardenier J, “SCF equations in multi-planar welded tubular DT-joints including bending effects”, Marine Structures, 2002, 15, 157-173.
Karamanos SA, Romeijn A, Wardenier J, “Stress concentrations in multi-planar welded CHS XX-connections”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1999, 50, 259-282.
Karamanos SA, Romeijn A, Wardenier J, “Stress concentrations in tubular gap K-joints: mechanics and fatigue design”, Engineering Structures, 2000, 22, 4-14.
Kuang JG, Potvin AB, Leick RD, “Stress concentration in tubular joints”, Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference, Paper OTC 2205, Houston (TX), US; 1975.
Lee MK, Wilmshurst SR, “Numerical modeling of CHS joints with multiplanar double-K configuration”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1995, 32, 281-301.
Lee MMK, “Strength, stress and fracture analyses of offshore tubular joints using finite elements”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1999, 51, 265-286.
Liu G, Zhao X, Huang Y, “Prediction of stress distribution along the intersection of tubular T-joints by a novel structural stress approach”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2015, 80, 216-230.
Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Ahmadi H, “Effect of geometrical parameters on SCF distribution along the weld toe of tubular KT-joints under balanced axial loads”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2010, 32, 703-719.
Lotfollahi-Yaghin MA, Ahmadi H, “Geometric stress distribution along the weld toe of the outer brace in two-planar tubular DKT-joints: parametric study and deriving the SCF design equations”, Marine Structures, 2011, 24, 239-260.
Morgan MR, Lee MMK, “Parametric equations for distributions of stress concentration factors in tubular K-joints under out-of-plane moment loading”, International Journal of Fatigue, 1998a, 20, 449-461.
Morgan MR, Lee MMK, “Prediction of stress concentrations and degrees of bending in axially loaded tubular K-joints”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 1998b, 45 (1), 67-97.
Myers PT, Brennan FP, Dover WD, “The effect of rack/rib plate on the stress concentration factors in jack-up chords”, Marine Structures, 2001, 14, 485-505.
N’Diaye A, Hariri S, Pluvinage G, Azari Z, “Stress concentration factor analysis for notched welded tubular T-joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2007, 29, 1554-1570.
Nwosu DI, Swamidas ASJ, Munaswamy K, “Numerical stress analysis of internal ring-stiffened tubular T-joints”, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, 1995, 117, 113-125.
Shao YB, Du ZF, Lie ST, “Prediction of hot spot stress distribution for tubular K-joints under basic loadings”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2009, 65, 2011-2026.
Shao YB, “Fatigue behaviour of uni-planar CHS gap K-joints under axial and in-plane bending loads”, PhD Thesis, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; 2004.
Shao YB, “Geometrical effect on the stress distribution along weld toe for tubular T- and K-joints under axial loading”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2007, 63, 1351-1360.
Shao YB, “Proposed equations of stress concentration factor (SCF) for gap tubular K-joints subjected to bending load”, International Journal of Space Structures, 2004, 19, 137-147.
Smedley P, Fisher P, “Stress concentration factors for simple tubular joints”, Proceedings of the International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference (ISOPE), Edinburgh; 1991. p. 475-483.
Swanson Analysis Systems Inc., “ANSYS contact technology guide”, Canonsburg (PA), US; 2009.
UK Department of Energy (DoE), “Background notes to the fatigue guidance of offshore tubular joints”, UK DoE, London, UK; 1983.
UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE), “OTH 354: Stress concentration factors for simple tubular joints − assessment of existing and development of new parametric formulae”, UK HSE, London, UK; 1997.
UK Health and Safety Executive, “Offshore installations: guidance on design, construction and certification”, 3rd amendment to 4th edition, London, UK; 1995.
Underwater Engineering Group, “Design of tubular joints for offshore structures”, London (UK): UEG/CIRIA; 1985.
Wimpey Offshore, “In-service database for ring-stiffened tubular joints”, Report WOL 035/91; 1991.
Wingerde AM, Packer JA, Wardenier J, “Simplified SCF formulae and graphs for CHS and RHS K- and KK-connections”, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2001, 57, 221-252.
Woghiren CO, Brennan FP, “Weld toe stress concentrations in multi planar stiffened tubular KK Joints”, International Journal of Fatigue, 2009, 31, 164-172.
Xu F, Chen J, Jin W, “Experimental investigation of SCF distribution for thin-walled concrete-filled CHS joints under axial tension loading”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 93, 149-157.
Yang J, Chen Y, Hu K, “Stress concentration factors of negative large eccentricity tubular N-joints under axial compressive loading in vertical brace”, Thin-Walled Structures, 2015, 96, 359-371.
Zhao XL, Herion S, Packer JA, Puthli R, Sedlacek G, Wardenier J, “Design guide for circular and rectangular hollow section joints under fatigue loading”, CIDECT Publication No. 8, Germany: TUV Verlag; 2000.
Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Volume 54.1, Issue 114 - Serial Number 114
Spring 2024
June 2024
Pages 152-167

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