Experimental study on properties and resistance of local mineral pozzolanic concrete against fire and evaluation of its ability to reduce CO2 emissions

Authors

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran

2 Department of Civil Engineering, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran & Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guilan, P.O. Box 3756, Rasht, Iran

Abstract

Finding a way to reduce cement consumption in concrete as the most widely used building materials, thereby reducing CO2 emissions from greenhouses, is a priority. In this paper, a natural pozzolan from Iran with suitable physical and chemical properties to replace part of cement in concrete, its introduction and engineering properties were investigated and its ability to reduce CO2 emissions was evaluated. In the experiments, steel and polypropylene fibers were used separately and hybrids with new mineral pozzolans were used. According to the previous optimizations, mineral pozzolan with a weight fraction of 15% of cement substitute was used in concrete. Experiments showed that concrete samples containing local mineral pozzolans and steel fibers had higher compressive strength. Pozzolanic concrete samples containing a combination of steel fibers and polypropylene had better performance in flexural strength. The strength of the samples was evaluated after exposure to 600 ° C. Samples containing steel fibers showed better compressive strength. Studies have shown; Adding 15% by weight of local mineral exchange pozzolan to cement in concrete can reduce CO2 emissions by 15.20%. Scanning electron microscope studies on samples containing local mineral pozzolan showed that this pozzolan prevented the increase in the amount of portlandite near the aggregates by creating a favorable pozzolanic reaction with portlandite and thus strengthened the boundary transition zone and the bond between the whole and Improves the matrix. The studied mineral pozzolan is effective in making green concrete.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Abdul Awal ASM, Mohammad Ismail IAS, “Effect of cooling regime on the residual performance of high-volume palm oil fuel ash concrete exposed to high temperatures”, Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 98, 875-883.

        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.001

Afroughsabet VOT, “Mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete containing steel and polypropylene fibers”, Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 94, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.051

Alavinia AHM, Nili M, Afroughsabet V, “An experimental and numerical study on how steel and polypropylene fibers affect the impact resistance in fiber-reinforced concrete”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2012, 46, 62-73.

        https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.01.009

Alyousef RMH, Tahir MMD, Alabduljabbar H, “Green concrete composites production comprising metalized plastic waste fibers and palm oil fuel ash”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 39, 911-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.023

ASTM 2006, Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Fiber-Reinforced Concrete -C 1116. U.S: ASTM.

ASTM C618 2014, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete.

BS EN 197-1:2011, Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements. Cement Part 1. BSI Standards Publication.

BS EN 1097-3:1998, Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 3: Determination of loose bulastm 2019k density and voids. BSI Standards Publication.

BS EN 12390-3:2009, Testing hardened concrete Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. UK. BSI.

Poon CS, Lam ZHSL, “Compressive behavior of fiber reinforced high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures”, Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 34, 22.

        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.011

Celik KJMD, Mancio M, Meral C, Emwas AH, Mehta PK, Monteiro PJM, “High-volume natural volcanic pozzolan and limestone powder as partial replacements for Portland cement in self-compacting and sustainable concrete”, Cement & Concrete Composites, 2014, 45, 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.003

Chen JJ, NPL, Kwan AKH, Li  LG, “Lowering cement content in mortar by adding superfine zeolite as cement replacement and optimizing mixture proportions”, Cleaner production, 2019, 210, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.007

Christopher F, Ahmed SBA, “Structure and properties of mortar and concrete with rice husk ash as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement - A review”, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2017, 6, 675-692.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.07.00

Cobirzan N, Mosonyi E, “Investigation of the natural pozzolans for usage in cement industry”, Procedia Technology, 2015, 19, 506-511.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.072

E119, A. 2012, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. E119-14. United States: ASTM International.

Gai-Fei Pnng WW, Jie Zhao Y, Ye-Feng Liu, Song-Hua bian, Li-Hong Zhao, “Explosive spalling and residual mechanical properties of fiber-toughened high-performance concrete subjected to high temperatures”, Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36, 723-727.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.014

Gai-Fei Peng Z-SH, “Change in microstructure of hardened cement paste subjected to elevated temperatures”, Construction and Building Materials, 2008, 22, 593-599.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.11.002

Gökce H, Ramyar K, “Effect of fly ash and silica fume on hardened properties of foam concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 194, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.036

Habert G, Šanja A, Rossi P, “Lowering the global warming impact of bridge rehabilitations by using ultra high performance fibre reinforced concretes”, Cement and Concre te Composite s, 2013, 38, 1-11.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.11.008

Hanien T, Bannerman M, “Carbon footprint of calcium sulfoaluminate clinker production”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 172, 2278-2287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.183

Izumi Y, Ho HJ, “Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions for a carbon recycling system using mineral carbon capture and utilization technology in the cement industry”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127618

Jacoby PC, “Pozzolanic effect of porcelain polishing residue in Portland cement”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 100, 84-88.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.096

Jianzhuang Xiao HF, “On residual strength of high-performance concrete with and without polypropylene fibres at elevated temperatures”, Fire Safety Journal, 2006, 41, 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.11.004

Joshi SV, Mohanty AK, Arora S, “Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites?”, Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2004, 35, 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.016

Kang Y, Max KS, “Climate change impacts on crop yield, crop water productivity and food security- A review”, Progress in Natural Science, 2009, 19, 1665-1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2009.08.001

Kawai K, Kobayashy K, Sano S, “Inventory Data and Case Studies for Environmental Performance Evaluation of Concrete Structure Construction”, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2005, 3, 435-456. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.435

Kelechi SE, Mohammed A, Obianyo I, Ibrahim YE, “Equivalent CO2 Emission and Cost Analysis of Green Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete”, Sustainability, 2022, 14, 137.

 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010137

Khan MI, “Properties of natural pozzolan and its potential utilization in environmental friendly concrete”, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2011, 38, 71-78.

 https://doi.org/10.1139/L10-112.

Kim SW, Kang DH, Ahn KL, Yun HD, “Mechanical Properties and Eco-Efficiency of Steel Fiber Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete”, Materials, 2015, 8, 7309-7321.

        https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8115383

Koirala M, “Constraction Sand, Quality and supply management in infrastructure project”, International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Scientific Research, 2017, 14.

Kwan AKH, “Adding fly ash microsphere to improve packing density, flowability and strength of cement paste”, Powder Technology, 2013, 234, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.09.016

Liu G, Brouwers  HJH, “Waste glass as binder in alkali activated slag–fly ash mortars”, Materials and Structures, 2019, 52.

 https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-019-1404-3

Mohammed OA, “Compressive strength and stability of sustainable self-consolidating concrete containing fly ash, silica fume, and GGBS”, Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2017, 11, 406-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0350-1

Muller HS, Vogel M, “Assessment of the sustainability potential of concrete and concrete structures considering their environmental impact, performance and lifetime”, Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 67, 321-337.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.039

Muralidhar Kamath SP, Mithesh Kumar, “Micro-characterisation of alkali activated paste with fly ash-GGBS metakaolin binder system with ambient setting characteristics”, Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122323

Nie CZ, Shu X, He Q, Huang B, “Chemical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Concrete with Local Mineral Admixtures under Sulfate Environment in Northwest China”, Materials, 2014, 7.

 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7053772

Ozawa M, Kamada T, Morimoto H, “Study of mechanisms of explosive spalling in high-strength concrete at high temperatures using acoustic emission”, Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 37, 621-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.070

Qianmin MA, Zhiman Zhao RG, Zhiwei L, Kecheng H, “Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature a review”, Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 93, 371-383.

        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.131

Rahimpour MR, Makarem MA, “Advances in Carbon Capture: Methods, Technologies and Applications”, Elsevier Science, 2020, 545-557.

        https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-05339-6

Ramezanianpour AA, Sarvari M, Ahmadi B, “Use of Natural Zeolite to Produce Self-Consolidating Concrete with Low Portland Cement Content and High Durability”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2012, 589-596, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133766

Rangbar MK, Mousavi Y, Yosefi S, “Effects of natural zeolite on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacted concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 47, 806-813.

        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.097

Sasui S, Nam J, Vab Riessen A, Nyarko MH, “Effects of waste glass as a sand replacement on the strength and durability of fly ash/GGBS based alkali activated mortar”, Ceramics International, 2021, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.04.121

Sekoai PT, “Biofuel development initiatives in sub-saharan africa: opportunities and challenges”, Climate, 2016, 4 (2), 33.

        https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4020033

Senhadjj Y, Mouli EG, Khelafi M, Benosman H, “Influence of natural pozzolan, silica fume and limestone fine on strength, acid resistance and microstructure of mortar”, Powder Technology, 2014, 254, 314-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.046

Seo Y, “Estimation of materials-induced CO2 emission from road construction in Korea”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 625-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.003

Shi B, WZ, Liu P, Zhou F, Peng Ch, “Pozzolanicity verification of combustion metamorphic rocks from coalfield fire zones in China”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2021, 69. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104390

Song H, “Studies on the corrosion resistance of reinforced steel in concrete with ground granulated blast-furnace slag an overview”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, 138, 226-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.022

Stocker TF, Plattner G, Tignor M, Allen S, “The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”, The Physical Science Basis, 2013, 1535PP.

Thomas BS, Hung MOK, Abdolla J, Hawileh R, Ariyachandra E, “Biomass ashes from agricultural wastes as supplementary cementitious materials or aggregate replacement in cement/geopolymer concrete- A comprehensive review”, Journal of Building Engineering, 2021, 40.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102332

Venkat GN, Ahmed E, Nagendrababu V, “Comparative study on mechanical properties and quality of concrete by part replacement of cement with silica fume, metakaolin and GGBS by using M-Sand as fine aggregate”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.819

Worrell E, Martin N, Hendriks C, Meida L, “Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry”, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ, 2001, 26, 303-329. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303

Wu L, Zhao P, Qiu Y, “Fabrication, Tensile and Bending Properties of Wheat Straw/Polylactic Acid Green Composites”, Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 627, 715-721.

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.627.715

Yang K-H, Cho M-S, Tae S-H, “Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of CO2 emissions from concrete”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 103, 1-10.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.018

Yang K-H, Song K-I, “Assessment of CO2 reduction of alkali-activated concrete”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 39, 265-272.

        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.08.001

Yap SY, Jumaat MZ, “Enhancement of mechanical properties in polypropylene-and nylon-fibre reinforced oil palm shell concrete”, Materials & Design, 2013, 49.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.070

References

Abdul Awal ASM, Mohammad Ismail IAS, “Effect of cooling regime on the residual performance of high-volume palm oil fuel ash concrete exposed to high temperatures”, Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 98, 875-883.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.09.001
Afroughsabet VOT, “Mechanical and durability properties of high-strength concrete containing steel and polypropylene fibers”, Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 94, 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.051
Alavinia AHM, Nili M, Afroughsabet V, “An experimental and numerical study on how steel and polypropylene fibers affect the impact resistance in fiber-reinforced concrete”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2012, 46, 62-73.
        https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2012.01.009
Alyousef RMH, Tahir MMD, Alabduljabbar H, “Green concrete composites production comprising metalized plastic waste fibers and palm oil fuel ash”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 39, 911-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.023
ASTM 2006, Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Fiber-Reinforced Concrete -C 1116. U.S: ASTM.
ASTM C618 2014, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete.
BS EN 197-1:2011, Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements. Cement Part 1. BSI Standards Publication.
BS EN 1097-3:1998, Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates. Part 3: Determination of loose bulastm 2019k density and voids. BSI Standards Publication.
BS EN 12390-3:2009, Testing hardened concrete Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. UK. BSI.
Poon CS, Lam ZHSL, “Compressive behavior of fiber reinforced high-performance concrete subjected to elevated temperatures”, Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 34, 22.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.011
Celik KJMD, Mancio M, Meral C, Emwas AH, Mehta PK, Monteiro PJM, “High-volume natural volcanic pozzolan and limestone powder as partial replacements for Portland cement in self-compacting and sustainable concrete”, Cement & Concrete Composites, 2014, 45, 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.003
Chen JJ, NPL, Kwan AKH, Li  LG, “Lowering cement content in mortar by adding superfine zeolite as cement replacement and optimizing mixture proportions”, Cleaner production, 2019, 210, 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.007
Christopher F, Ahmed SBA, “Structure and properties of mortar and concrete with rice husk ash as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement - A review”, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 2017, 6, 675-692.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsbe.2017.07.00
Cobirzan N, Mosonyi E, “Investigation of the natural pozzolans for usage in cement industry”, Procedia Technology, 2015, 19, 506-511.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.02.072
E119, A. 2012, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials. E119-14. United States: ASTM International.
Gai-Fei Pnng WW, Jie Zhao Y, Ye-Feng Liu, Song-Hua bian, Li-Hong Zhao, “Explosive spalling and residual mechanical properties of fiber-toughened high-performance concrete subjected to high temperatures”, Cement and Concrete Research, 2006, 36, 723-727.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.014
Gai-Fei Peng Z-SH, “Change in microstructure of hardened cement paste subjected to elevated temperatures”, Construction and Building Materials, 2008, 22, 593-599.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.11.002
Gökce H, Ramyar K, “Effect of fly ash and silica fume on hardened properties of foam concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 2019, 194, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.036
Habert G, Šanja A, Rossi P, “Lowering the global warming impact of bridge rehabilitations by using ultra high performance fibre reinforced concretes”, Cement and Concre te Composite s, 2013, 38, 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.11.008
Hanien T, Bannerman M, “Carbon footprint of calcium sulfoaluminate clinker production”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018, 172, 2278-2287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.183
Izumi Y, Ho HJ, “Calculation of greenhouse gas emissions for a carbon recycling system using mineral carbon capture and utilization technology in the cement industry”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127618
Jacoby PC, “Pozzolanic effect of porcelain polishing residue in Portland cement”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 100, 84-88.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.096
Jianzhuang Xiao HF, “On residual strength of high-performance concrete with and without polypropylene fibres at elevated temperatures”, Fire Safety Journal, 2006, 41, 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.11.004
Joshi SV, Mohanty AK, Arora S, “Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites?”, Composites Part A Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2004, 35, 371-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.016
Kang Y, Max KS, “Climate change impacts on crop yield, crop water productivity and food security- A review”, Progress in Natural Science, 2009, 19, 1665-1674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2009.08.001
Kawai K, Kobayashy K, Sano S, “Inventory Data and Case Studies for Environmental Performance Evaluation of Concrete Structure Construction”, Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 2005, 3, 435-456. https://doi.org/10.3151/jact.3.435
Kelechi SE, Mohammed A, Obianyo I, Ibrahim YE, “Equivalent CO2 Emission and Cost Analysis of Green Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete”, Sustainability, 2022, 14, 137.
 https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010137
Khan MI, “Properties of natural pozzolan and its potential utilization in environmental friendly concrete”, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2011, 38, 71-78.
 https://doi.org/10.1139/L10-112.
Kim SW, Kang DH, Ahn KL, Yun HD, “Mechanical Properties and Eco-Efficiency of Steel Fiber Reinforced Alkali-Activated Slag Concrete”, Materials, 2015, 8, 7309-7321.
        https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8115383
Koirala M, “Constraction Sand, Quality and supply management in infrastructure project”, International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Scientific Research, 2017, 14.
Kwan AKH, “Adding fly ash microsphere to improve packing density, flowability and strength of cement paste”, Powder Technology, 2013, 234, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2012.09.016
Liu G, Brouwers  HJH, “Waste glass as binder in alkali activated slag–fly ash mortars”, Materials and Structures, 2019, 52.
 https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-019-1404-3
Mohammed OA, “Compressive strength and stability of sustainable self-consolidating concrete containing fly ash, silica fume, and GGBS”, Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 2017, 11, 406-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-016-0350-1
Muller HS, Vogel M, “Assessment of the sustainability potential of concrete and concrete structures considering their environmental impact, performance and lifetime”, Construction and Building Materials, 2014, 67, 321-337.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.039
Muralidhar Kamath SP, Mithesh Kumar, “Micro-characterisation of alkali activated paste with fly ash-GGBS metakaolin binder system with ambient setting characteristics”, Construction and Building Materials, 2021, 277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122323
Nie CZ, Shu X, He Q, Huang B, “Chemical, Mechanical, and Durability Properties of Concrete with Local Mineral Admixtures under Sulfate Environment in Northwest China”, Materials, 2014, 7.
 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7053772
Ozawa M, Kamada T, Morimoto H, “Study of mechanisms of explosive spalling in high-strength concrete at high temperatures using acoustic emission”, Construction and Building Materials, 2012, 37, 621-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.070
Qianmin MA, Zhiman Zhao RG, Zhiwei L, Kecheng H, “Mechanical properties of concrete at high temperature a review”, Construction and Building Materials, 2015, 93, 371-383.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.131
Rahimpour MR, Makarem MA, “Advances in Carbon Capture: Methods, Technologies and Applications”, Elsevier Science, 2020, 545-557.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-05339-6
Ramezanianpour AA, Sarvari M, Ahmadi B, “Use of Natural Zeolite to Produce Self-Consolidating Concrete with Low Portland Cement Content and High Durability”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2012, 589-596, 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133766
Rangbar MK, Mousavi Y, Yosefi S, “Effects of natural zeolite on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacted concrete”, Construction and Building Materials, 2013, 47, 806-813.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.097
Sasui S, Nam J, Vab Riessen A, Nyarko MH, “Effects of waste glass as a sand replacement on the strength and durability of fly ash/GGBS based alkali activated mortar”, Ceramics International, 2021, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.04.121
Sekoai PT, “Biofuel development initiatives in sub-saharan africa: opportunities and challenges”, Climate, 2016, 4 (2), 33.
        https://doi.org/10.3390/cli4020033
Senhadjj Y, Mouli EG, Khelafi M, Benosman H, “Influence of natural pozzolan, silica fume and limestone fine on strength, acid resistance and microstructure of mortar”, Powder Technology, 2014, 254, 314-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.046
Seo Y, “Estimation of materials-induced CO2 emission from road construction in Korea”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 625-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.003
Shi B, WZ, Liu P, Zhou F, Peng Ch, “Pozzolanicity verification of combustion metamorphic rocks from coalfield fire zones in China”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2021, 69. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104390
Song H, “Studies on the corrosion resistance of reinforced steel in concrete with ground granulated blast-furnace slag an overview”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006, 138, 226-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.07.022
Stocker TF, Plattner G, Tignor M, Allen S, “The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”, The Physical Science Basis, 2013, 1535PP.
Thomas BS, Hung MOK, Abdolla J, Hawileh R, Ariyachandra E, “Biomass ashes from agricultural wastes as supplementary cementitious materials or aggregate replacement in cement/geopolymer concrete- A comprehensive review”, Journal of Building Engineering, 2021, 40.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102332
Venkat GN, Ahmed E, Nagendrababu V, “Comparative study on mechanical properties and quality of concrete by part replacement of cement with silica fume, metakaolin and GGBS by using M-Sand as fine aggregate”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2021, 43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.819
Worrell E, Martin N, Hendriks C, Meida L, “Carbon dioxide emissions from the global cement industry”, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ, 2001, 26, 303-329. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.26.1.303
Wu L, Zhao P, Qiu Y, “Fabrication, Tensile and Bending Properties of Wheat Straw/Polylactic Acid Green Composites”, Advanced Materials Research, 2013, 627, 715-721.
https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.627.715
Yang K-H, Cho M-S, Tae S-H, “Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on reduction of CO2 emissions from concrete”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 103, 1-10.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.03.018
Yang K-H, Song K-I, “Assessment of CO2 reduction of alkali-activated concrete”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 39, 265-272.
        https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.08.001
Yap SY, Jumaat MZ, “Enhancement of mechanical properties in polypropylene-and nylon-fibre reinforced oil palm shell concrete”, Materials & Design, 2013, 49.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.02.070
Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Volume 54.1, Issue 114 - Serial Number 114
Spring 2024
June 2024
Pages 211-224

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