An Optimized Stiffened Sandwich Panel for Impact-Protective Doors

Authors

Department of Civil Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

Abstract

Protective steel doors are widely used in buildings due to their high resistance against the impact loads. However, its heavy weight has been always considered as a major drawback for these doors. In this paper, a new optimized stiffened impact-protective steel door incorporating sandwich panel with aluminum foam core (OSSA) is examined. This door consists of two face sheets, main and secondary stiffeners, and aluminum foam as the inner core. In order to optimize the door, at first the rigidity and weight functions of the stiffened steel door were extracted. Then an optimal door weighing 42% less than the primary door was obtained. Due to the high energy absorption capacity of the combined foam core and stiffened steel door structure, the use of aluminum foam core in the optimized steel door was proposed. By doing numerical analysis, and depending on the thickness of the face sheet of OSSA, 20 to 32% reduction in the maximum displacement was observed. The results also showed that, with 67% increase in the peak overpressure, OSSA has kept almost the same maximum displacement as that of the steel door without an aluminum foam. In other words, by using aluminum foam core in the optimized stiffened door, the door will resist 67% more impact load.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Abbasi M, Nia AA, “High-velocity impact behavior of sandwich structures with AL faces and foam cores-Experimental and numerical study”, Aerospace Science and Technology, 2020, Oct., 105 (1). 106039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.106039

Abedini M, Zhang C, “Performance assessment of concrete and steel material models in LSDYNA for enhanced numerical simulation, a state of the art review”, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 2021, 28 (4), 2921-2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11831-020-09483-5

Cai S, Liu J, Zhang P, Li C, Cheng Y, “Dynamic response of sandwich panels with multi-layered aluminum foam/UHMWPE laminate cores under air blast loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2020, 138, 1034-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.103475

Chen D, Jing L, Yang F, “Optimal design of sandwich panels with layered-gradient aluminum foam cores under air-blast loading”, Composites part B: Engineering, 2019, 166, 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.125

Chen G, Zhang P, Liu J, Cheng Y, Wang H, “Experimental and numerical analyses on the dynamic response of aluminum foam core sandwich panels subjected to localized air blast loading”, Marine Structures, 2019, 65, 343-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.02.005

Darvizeh R, Davey K, “A transport approach for analysis of shock waves in cellular materials”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2015, 82, 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.11.006

Fan HL, Jin FN, Fang DN, “Mechanical properties of hierarchical cellular materials. Part I: analysis”, Composite Science and Technology, 2008, 68, 33803387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.022

Ganchao C, Pan Z, Jun L, Yuansheng C, Hao W, “Experimental and numerical analyses on the dynamic response of aluminum foam core sandwich panels subjected to localized air blast loading”, Marine structures, 2019, 65, 343-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.02.005

Goel MD, Matsagar Vasant A, Gupta AK, “Dynamic response of stiffened plates under air blast”, International Journal of Protective Structures, 2011, 2, 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1260/2041-4196.2.1.139

Guzas EL, Earls CJ, “Air blast load generation for simulating structural response”, Steel and composite structures, 2010, 10, 429-455. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2010.10.5.429

Hanssen AG, Hopperstad OS, Langseth M, Ilstand H, “Validation of constitutive models applicable to aluminum Foams”, International Journal of mechanical Sciences Engineering, 2002, 44, 359-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7403(01)00091-1

Jankowiak T, Rusinek A, Kpenyigba KM, Pesci R, “Ballistic behavior of steel sheet subjected to impact and perforation”, Steel and Composite Structures, 2014, 16, 595-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.16.6.595

Jen CY, Tai YS, “Deformation behavior of a stiffened panel subjected to underwater shock loading using the non-linear finite element method”, Materials and Design, 2010, 31, 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.011

Jianhu S, Guoxing L, Zhihua W, Longmao Z, “Experiments on curved sandwich panels under blast loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2010, 37, 960-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.002

Koh C, Ang K, Chan P, “Dynamic analysis of shell structures with application to blast resistant doors”, Shock and Vibration, 2003, 10, 26-97. https://doi.org/10.1155/2003/357969

Langdon GS, Karagiozova D, Theoblad MD, Nurick GN, Lu G, Merrett RP, “Fracture of aluminum foam core sacrificial cladding subjected to air-blast loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2010, 37, 638-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.07.006.

Li S, Li X, Wang Z, Wu G, Lu G, Zhao L, “Sandwch panels with layered graded aluminum honeycomb cores under blast loading”, Composite Structures, 2017, 173, 242-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.04.037

Liang M, Li Z, Lu F, Li X, “Theoretical and numerical investigation of blast responses of continuous-density graded cellular materials”, Composite Structures, 2017, 164, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.03.066

Liang MZ, Li XY, Lin YL, Lu FY, “Compaction wave propagation in layered cellular materials under air-blast”, International Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2019, 11, 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1758825119500030

Liu H, Cao Zk, Yao GC, Luo HJ, Zu GY, “Performance of aluminum foam-steel panel sandwich composites subjected to blast loading”, Materials & Design, 2013, 47, 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.003

Louca LA, Pan YG, Harding JE, “Response of stiffened and unstiffened plates subjected to blast loading”, Engineering Structures, 1998, 20, 1079-1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00204-6

Meng FM, Zhang B, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Fan HL, Jin FN, “A novel all-composite blast resistant door structure with hierarchical stiffeners”, Composite Structures, 2016, 148, 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.03.066

Ngo T, Mendis P, Gupta A, Ramsay J, “Blast loading and blast effects on structures–an overview”, Electronic Journal Of Structural Engineering, 2007, 1, 76-91. https://doi.org/10.56748/ejse.671

Nurick GN, Olson MD, Fagnan JR, “Deformation and tearing of blast loaded stiffened square plates”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1995, 16, 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734743X(94)00046-Y

Nurick GN, Shave GC, “The deformation and tearing of thin square plates subjected to impulsive loads-an experimental study”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1996, 18, 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-743X(95)00018-2

Palta E, Gutowski M, Fang H, “A numerical study of steel and hybrid armor plates under ballistic impacts”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2018, 1, 136, 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.12.021

Rashad M, Yang TY, “Numerical study of steel sandwich plates with RPF and VR cores materials under free air blast loads”, Steel and Composite Structures, 2018, 27, 717-725. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.6.717

Rudrapatna NS, Vaziri R, Olson MD, “Deformation and failure of blast-loaded stiffened plate”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2000, 24, 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734743X(99)00172-4

Santosa SP, Arifurrahman F, Izzudin MH, Widagdo Gunawan L, “Response analysis of impact blast loading of Metal-Foam sandwich panels”, Procedia Engineering, 2017, 173, 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.12.073

Shrivastava S, Tiwari G, Iqbal MA, Gupta PK, “The ballistic performance of thin aluminum plates against blunt-nosed projectile”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020 Jan, 1, 21, 1763-1771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.229

Sławiński G, Malesa P, Świerczewski M, Bogusz P, “Experimental and numerical investigation of connector with elastomer joint”, Journal of Kones, 2017, 24, 17-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3094

Sui QQ, Jiang S, Sun FF, Fan HL, “Mechanical analysis of hierarchical isogrid sandwich plate”, Acta Mater Composite Sinica, 2016, 33, 675-680. https://doi.org/10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20150911.001

Sun FF, Lai CL, Fan HL, “Crushing mechanism of hierarchical lattice structure”, Mechanics of Materials, 2016, 97, 164-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.02.016

Tavakoli HR, Kiakojouri F, “Numerica l dynamic analysis of stiffened plates under blast loading”, Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 2014, 11, 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1590/S167978252014000200003

Veeredhi LSB, Rao NVR, “Studies on the Impact of Explosion on Blast Resistant Stiffened Door Structures”, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India) Series A, 2015, 96, 11-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-014-0103-x

Wang B, Tian K, Hao P, “Hybrid analysis and optimization of hierarchical stiffened plates based on asymptotic homogenization method”, Composite Structures, 2015, 132, 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.05.012

Wang B, Tian K, Zhou CH, “Grid-pattern optimization framework of novel hierarchical stiffened shells allowing for imperfection sensitivity”, Aerospace Science and Technology, 2017, 62, 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.12.002.

Wei L, Yang B, Yongxiang D, Shunshan F, “Dynamic response of spherical sandwich shells with metallic foam core under external air blast loading-Numerical Simulation”, Composite Structures, 2014, 14, 00225-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.05.038

Xie Z, Yan Q, Li X, “Investigation on low velocity impact on a foam core composite sandwich panel”, Steel and Composite Structures, 2014, 17, 159-172. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.2.159

Xu WL, Wang C, Yuan JM, Deng T, “Bore-center annular shaped charges with different liner materials penetrating into steel targets”, Defence Technology, 2019 Oct, 1, 15 (5), 796-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.07.001

Yurddaskal M, Baba BO, “The effect of curvature on the impact response of foam-based sandwich composite panels”, Steel and Composite Structures, 2016, 20, 983-997. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.5.983

Zhang B, Zhao Z, Zhou ZX, Chen HL, Fan HL, Jin FN, “Hierarchical anisogrid stiffened composite panel subjected to blast loading: equivalent theory”, Composite Structures, 2018a, 187, 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.059

Zhang B, Zhao Z, Zhou ZX, Chen HL, Wang B, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Jin FN, Fan HL, “Quasi-far-field blast response of hierarchical orthogrid-stiffened sheet molding compound (SMC) protective door”, Engineering structures, 2018b, 168, 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.001

Zhang B, Hailong C, Ming L, Zheng Z, Yinzhi Z, Hualin F, “Equivalent static load method for hierarchical stiffened composite panel subjected to blast loading”, Engineering Structures, 2018c, 171, 569-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.107

Zheng C, Kong XS, Wu WG, Liu F, “The elastic-plastic dynamic response of stiffened plates under confined blast load”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016, 95, 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.05.008

Zhang J, Qin Q, Wang T, “Compressive strengths and dynamic response of corrugated metal sandwich plates with unfilled and foam-filled sinusoidal plate cores”, Acta Mech, 2013, 224, 759775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00707-012-0770-5

References

Abbasi M, Nia AA, “High-velocity impact behavior of sandwich structures with AL faces and foam cores-Experimental and numerical study”, Aerospace Science and Technology, 2020, Oct., 105 (1), 106039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2020.106039
Abedini M, Zhang C, “Performance assessment of concrete and steel material models in LSDYNA for enhanced numerical simulation, a state of the art review”, Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 2021, 28 (4), 2921-2942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11831-020-09483-5
Cai S, Liu J, Zhang P, Li C, Cheng Y, “Dynamic response of sandwich panels with multi-layered aluminum foam/UHMWPE laminate cores under air blast loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2020, 138, 1034-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.103475
Chen D, Jing L, Yang F, “Optimal design of sandwich panels with layered-gradient aluminum foam cores under air-blast loading”, Composites part B: Engineering, 2019, 166, 169-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.125
Chen G, Zhang P, Liu J, Cheng Y, Wang H, “Experimental and numerical analyses on the dynamic response of aluminum foam core sandwich panels subjected to localized air blast loading”, Marine Structures, 2019, 65, 343-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.02.005
Darvizeh R, Davey K, “A transport approach for analysis of shock waves in cellular materials”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2015, 82, 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.11.006
Fan HL, Jin FN, Fang DN, “Mechanical properties of hierarchical cellular materials. Part I: analysis”, Composite Science and Technology, 2008, 68, 33803387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.022
Ganchao C, Pan Z, Jun L, Yuansheng C, Hao W, “Experimental and numerical analyses on the dynamic response of aluminum foam core sandwich panels subjected to localized air blast loading”, Marine structures, 2019, 65, 343-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.02.005
Goel MD, Matsagar Vasant A, Gupta AK, “Dynamic response of stiffened plates under air blast”, International Journal of Protective Structures, 2011, 2, 139-156. https://doi.org/10.1260/2041-4196.2.1.139
Guzas EL, Earls CJ, “Air blast load generation for simulating structural response”, Steel and composite structures, 2010, 10, 429-455. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2010.10.5.429
Hanssen AG, Hopperstad OS, Langseth M, Ilstand H, “Validation of constitutive models applicable to aluminum Foams”, International Journal of mechanical Sciences Engineering, 2002, 44, 359-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7403(01)00091-1
Jankowiak T, Rusinek A, Kpenyigba KM, Pesci R, “Ballistic behavior of steel sheet subjected to impact and perforation”, Steel and Composite Structures, 2014, 16, 595-609. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.16.6.595
Jen CY, Tai YS, “Deformation behavior of a stiffened panel subjected to underwater shock loading using the non-linear finite element method”, Materials and Design, 2010, 31, 325-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.011
Jianhu S, Guoxing L, Zhihua W, Longmao Z, “Experiments on curved sandwich panels under blast loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2010, 37, 960-970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.002
Koh C, Ang K, Chan P, “Dynamic analysis of shell structures with application to blast resistant doors”, Shock and Vibration, 2003, 10, 26-97. https://doi.org/10.1155/2003/357969
Langdon GS, Karagiozova D, Theoblad MD, Nurick GN, Lu G, Merrett RP, “Fracture of aluminum foam core sacrificial cladding subjected to air-blast loading”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2010, 37, 638-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.07.006.
Li S, Li X, Wang Z, Wu G, Lu G, Zhao L, “Sandwch panels with layered graded aluminum honeycomb cores under blast loading”, Composite Structures, 2017, 173, 242-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.04.037
Liang M, Li Z, Lu F, Li X, “Theoretical and numerical investigation of blast responses of continuous-density graded cellular materials”, Composite Structures, 2017, 164, 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.03.066
Liang MZ, Li XY, Lin YL, Lu FY, “Compaction wave propagation in layered cellular materials under air-blast”, International Journal of Applied Mechanics, 2019, 11, 195-203. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1758825119500030
Liu H, Cao Zk, Yao GC, Luo HJ, Zu GY, “Performance of aluminum foam-steel panel sandwich composites subjected to blast loading”, Materials & Design, 2013, 47, 483-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.12.003
Louca LA, Pan YG, Harding JE, “Response of stiffened and unstiffened plates subjected to blast loading”, Engineering Structures, 1998, 20, 1079-1086. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00204-6
Meng FM, Zhang B, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Fan HL, Jin FN, “A novel all-composite blast resistant door structure with hierarchical stiffeners”, Composite Structures, 2016, 148, 113-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.03.066
Ngo T, Mendis P, Gupta A, Ramsay J, “Blast loading and blast effects on structures–an overview”, Electronic Journal Of Structural Engineering, 2007, 1, 76-91. https://doi.org/10.56748/ejse.671
Nurick GN, Olson MD, Fagnan JR, “Deformation and tearing of blast loaded stiffened square plates”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1995, 16, 273-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734743X(94)00046-Y
Nurick GN, Shave GC, “The deformation and tearing of thin square plates subjected to impulsive loads-an experimental study”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 1996, 18, 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-743X(95)00018-2
Palta E, Gutowski M, Fang H, “A numerical study of steel and hybrid armor plates under ballistic impacts”, International Journal of Solids and Structures, 2018, 1, 136, 279-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2017.12.021
Rashad M, Yang TY, “Numerical study of steel sandwich plates with RPF and VR cores materials under free air blast loads”, Steel and Composite Structures, 2018, 27, 717-725. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.6.717
Rudrapatna NS, Vaziri R, Olson MD, “Deformation and failure of blast-loaded stiffened plate”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2000, 24, 457-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734743X(99)00172-4
Santosa SP, Arifurrahman F, Izzudin MH, Widagdo Gunawan L, “Response analysis of impact blast loading of Metal-Foam sandwich panels”, Procedia Engineering, 2017, 173, 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.12.073
Shrivastava S, Tiwari G, Iqbal MA, Gupta PK, “The ballistic performance of thin aluminum plates against blunt-nosed projectile”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020 Jan, 1, 21, 1763-1771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.229
Sławiński G, Malesa P, Świerczewski M, Bogusz P, “Experimental and numerical investigation of connector with elastomer joint”, Journal of Kones, 2017, 24, 17-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3094
Sui QQ, Jiang S, Sun FF, Fan HL, “Mechanical analysis of hierarchical isogrid sandwich plate”, Acta Mater Composite Sinica, 2016, 33, 675-680. https://doi.org/10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20150911.001
Sun FF, Lai CL, Fan HL, “Crushing mechanism of hierarchical lattice structure”, Mechanics of Materials, 2016, 97, 164-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.02.016
Tavakoli HR, Kiakojouri F, “Numerica l dynamic analysis of stiffened plates under blast loading”, Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 2014, 11, 185-199. https://doi.org/10.1590/S167978252014000200003
Veeredhi LSB, Rao NVR, “Studies on the Impact of Explosion on Blast Resistant Stiffened Door Structures”, Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India) Series A, 2015, 96, 11-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40030-014-0103-x
Wang B, Tian K, Hao P, “Hybrid analysis and optimization of hierarchical stiffened plates based on asymptotic homogenization method”, Composite Structures, 2015, 132, 136-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.05.012
Wang B, Tian K, Zhou CH, “Grid-pattern optimization framework of novel hierarchical stiffened shells allowing for imperfection sensitivity”, Aerospace Science and Technology, 2017, 62, 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2016.12.002.
Wei L, Yang B, Yongxiang D, Shunshan F, “Dynamic response of spherical sandwich shells with metallic foam core under external air blast loading-Numerical Simulation”, Composite Structures, 2014, 14, 00225-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.05.038
Xie Z, Yan Q, Li X, “Investigation on low velocity impact on a foam core composite sandwich panel”, Steel and Composite Structures, 2014, 17, 159-172. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.2.159
Xu WL, Wang C, Yuan JM, Deng T, “Bore-center annular shaped charges with different liner materials penetrating into steel targets”, Defence Technology, 2019 Oct, 1, 15 (5), 796-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.07.001
Yurddaskal M, Baba BO, “The effect of curvature on the impact response of foam-based sandwich composite panels”, Steel and Composite Structures, 2016, 20, 983-997. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.5.983
Zhang B, Zhao Z, Zhou ZX, Chen HL, Fan HL, Jin FN, “Hierarchical anisogrid stiffened composite panel subjected to blast loading: equivalent theory”, Composite Structures, 2018a, 187, 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.12.059
Zhang B, Zhao Z, Zhou ZX, Chen HL, Wang B, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Jin FN, Fan HL, “Quasi-far-field blast response of hierarchical orthogrid-stiffened sheet molding compound (SMC) protective door”, Engineering structures, 2018b, 168, 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.001
Zhang B, Hailong C, Ming L, Zheng Z, Yinzhi Z, Hualin F, “Equivalent static load method for hierarchical stiffened composite panel subjected to blast loading”, Engineering Structures, 2018c, 171, 569-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.107
Zheng C, Kong XS, Wu WG, Liu F, “The elastic-plastic dynamic response of stiffened plates under confined blast load”, International Journal of Impact Engineering, 2016, 95, 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.05.008
Zhang J, Qin Q, Wang T, “Compressive strengths and dynamic response of corrugated metal sandwich plates with unfilled and foam-filled sinusoidal plate cores”, Acta Mech, 2013, 224, 759775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00707-012-0770-5
Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Volume 54.1, Issue 114 - Serial Number 114
Spring 2024
June 2024
Pages 168-179

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