Investigating the Seismic Performance of Masonry Infills with Opening and Non-Opening by Considering the Interaction of Behavior in Plane and Out of the Plane and Providing the Reduction Factor of Effective Stiffness and Ultimate Strength

Authors

1 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

2 Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology

Abstract

Masonry infills are an unavoidable member of any building. The presence of openings in a masonry infill alters its behaviour and reduces the load strength and stiffness of the infilled frame. Considering the reality of the masonry infill, the capacity of masonry infill is defined in two separate modes of in-plane (IP) force and out-plane (OOP) force (Asteris et al., 2017). In this paper, the main goal is to investigate masonry infills with different window and door openings with different dimensions and locations under three types of loading, which are: 1-Out-of-plane Loading of masonry infill under different accelerations. 2-Out-of-plane loading after in-plane loading at relative displacements (drift) of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% and check for Out-of-plane damage. 3-In-plane loading up to 6% relative displacement (drift) after out-of-plane loading and checking for in-plane damage. The numerical models are generated in finite element ABAQUS soft. Nonlinear pushover analyses have been conducted for each of the three loading. At the end, reduction factors of effective stiffness and ultimate strength are suggested. By using these suggested reduction factors, the design engineer can model the interaction effects in-plane and out-of-plane using the compression diagonal struts method. The average reduction of the infill stiffness was calculated by considering the interaction in-plane and out-of-plane 30%.

Keywords

Main Subjects

ACI Committee, “Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-08) and commentary”, American Concrete Institute.

Akhoundi F, Vasconcelos G, Lourenço P, “Experimental out-of-plane behavior of brick masonry infilled frames”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020, Feb., 7, 14 (2), 221-37.

https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1529207

Akhoundi F, Lourenço PB, Vasconcelos G, “Numerically based proposals for the stiffness and strength of masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames”, Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, 2016, 45 (6), 869-891. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2688

Akhoundi F, Vasconcelos G, Lourenço PB, Silva L, “Out-of-plane response of masonry infilled RC frames: Effect of workmanship and opening”, 2016.

Anić F, Penava D, Abrahamczyk L, Sarhosis V, “A review of experimental and analytical studies on the out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infilled frames. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering”, 2020, Mar., 18 (5), 2191-246.

 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00771-5

Aref AJ, Dolatshahi KM, “A three-dimensional cyclic meso-scale numerical procedure for simulation of unreinforced masonry structures”, Computers and Structures, 2013, 120, 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.01.012

Asteris PG, Cavaleri L, Di Trapani F, Tsaris AK, “Numerical modelling of out-of-plane response of infilled frames: State of the art and future challenges for the equivalent strut macromodels”, Engineering Structures, 2017, Feb., 1, 132, 110-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.10.012

Asteris PG, “Lateral stiffness of brick masonry infilled plane frames”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2003, Aug., 129 (8), 1071-9. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:8(10)

Asteris PG, Chrysostomou CZ, Giannopoulos IP, Smyrou E, “Masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames with openings”, InIII ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2011, May., 25, 28.

Budiwati IA, Sukrawa M, “Development of diagonal strut width formula for infill wall with reinforced opening in modeling seismic behavior of RC infilled frame structures”, InAIP Conference Proceedings, 2018, Jun 26, 1977, 1, 020062, AIP PublishingLLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5042918

Di Domenico M, De Risi MT, Ricci P, Verderame GM, Manfredi G, “Empirical prediction of the in-plane/out-of-plane interaction effects in clay brick unreinforced masonry infill walls”, Engineering Structures, 2021, Jan., 15, 227, 111438.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111438

Dolatshahi KM, Aref AJ, Yekrangnia M, “Bidirectional behavior of unreinforced masonry walls”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2014, Dec., 43 (15), 2377-2397. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2455

Furtado A, Rodrigues H, Arêde A, Varum H, “Experimental characterization of the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of infill masonry walls”, Procedia Engineering, 2015 Jan., 1, 114, 862-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.041

Furtado A, Rodrigues H, Arêde A, Varum H, “Out-of-plane behavior of masonry infilled RC frames based on the experimental tests available: A systematic review”, Construction and Building Materials, 2018, Apr., 20, 168, 831-848.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.129

Furtado A, Arêde A, Rodrigues H, Varum H, “The role of the openings in the out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infill walls”, Engineering Structures, 2021, Oct., 1, 244, 112793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112793

Giaretton M, Dizhur D, da Porto F, Ingham JM, “Seismic assessment and improvement of unreinforced stone masonry buildings: literature review and application to New Zealand”, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 2016, Jun., 30, 49 (2), 148-174. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.2.148-174

Griffith MC, Vaculik J, “Out-of-plane flexural strength of unreinforced clay brick masonry walls”, TMS Journal, 2007, Sep., 25 (1), 53-68.

Hak S, Morandi P, Magenes G, “Out-of-plane experimental response of strong masonry infills”, In2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, 2014, Aug., 25, 1.

Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman JH, Friedman JH, “The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction”, New York: Springer; 2009, Aug.

Kakaletsis D, Karayannis C, “Experimental investigation of infilled R/C frames with eccentric openings”, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 2007, Jan., 1, 26 (3), 231-50.

Kakaletsis D, Karayannis C, “Influence of masonry strength and openings on infilled R/C frames under cycling loading”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2008, Feb., 13, 12 (2), 197-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701299138

Kurmi PL, Haldar P, “Modeling of opening for realistic assessment of infilled RC frame buildings”, InStructures, 2022, Jul., 1, 41, 1700-1709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.05.110

Laurenco PB, Rots JG, Blaauwendraad J, “Two approaches for the analysis of masonry structures: micro and macro-modeling”, HERON, 1995, 40 (4).

Mansouri A, Marefat MS, Khanmohammadi M, “Experimental evaluation of seismic performance of low‐shear strength masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames with deficient seismic details”, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 2014, Oct., 25, 23 (15), 1190-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1115

Mays GC, Hetherington JG, Rose TA, “Resistance-deflection functions for concrete wall panels with openings”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1998, May, 124 (5), 579-87. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(1998) 124:5(579)

McDowell EL, McKee K, Sevin E, “Arching action theory of masonry walls”, Journal of the Structural Division, 1956, Mar., 82 (2), 915-1. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.000001

Mondal G, Jain SK, “Lateral stiffness of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames with central opening”, Earthquake spectra, 2008, Aug., 24 (3), 701-23. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2942376

Mosalam KM, White RN, Gergely P, “Static response of infilled frames using quasi-static experimentation”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1997, Nov., 123 (11), 1462-4169. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(1997)
123:11(1462)

Nie Y, Sheikh A, Griffith M, Visintin P, “A damage-plasticity based interface model for simulating in-plane/out-of-plane response of masonry structural panels”, Computers and Structures, 2022, Feb., 1, 260, 106721.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2021.106721

Ozturkoglu O, Ucar T, Yesilce Y, “Effect of masonry infill walls with openings on nonlinear response of reinforced concrete frames”, Earthquakes and Structures, 2017, Mar., 1, 12 (3), 333-47.https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.12.3.333

Pantò B, Caliò I, Lourenço PB, “A 3D discrete macro-element for modelling the out-of-plane behaviour of infilled frame structures”, Engineering Structures, 2018, Nov., 15, 175, 371-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.022

Preti M, Migliorati L, Giuriani E, “Experimental testing of engineered masonry infill walls for post-earthquake structural damage control”, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2015, Jul., 13 (7), 2029-49.

 https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10518-014-9701-2

Sepasdar R, “Experimental investigation on the out-of-plane behaviour of concrete masonry infilled rc frames”, 2017.

Shafaei J, Hosseini A, Marefat MS, “Seismic retrofit of external RC beam-column joints by joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles”, Engineering Structures, 2014, Dec., 15, 81, 265-88.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.006

Tasnimi AA, Mohebkhah A, “Investigation on the behavior of brick-infilled steel frames with openings, experimental and analytical approaches", Engineering Structures, 2011, Mar., 1, 33 (3), 968-80.

 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.12.018

Verderame GM, Ricci P, De Risi MT, Del Gaudio C, “Experimental assessment and numerical modelling of conforming and non-conforming RC frames with and without infills”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022, Jan., 25, 26 (2), 573-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1692098

Verlato N, Guidi G, Da Porto F, Modena C, “Innovative systems for masonry infill walls based on the use of deformable joints: combined in-plane/out-of-plane tests”, InProceedings of the 16th international brick and block masonry conference, 2016, Jun., 26-30. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.

Wang C, “Experimental investigation on the out-of-plane behaviour of concrete masonry infilled frames”, 2017.

Zhai C, Kong J, Wang X, Chen Z, “Experimental and finite element analytical investigation of seismic behavior of full-scale masonry infilled RC frames”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2016, Oct., 2, 20 (7), 1171-98.

 https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1138171

 

References

ACI Committee, “Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-08) and commentary”, American Concrete Institute.
Akhoundi F, Vasconcelos G, Lourenço P, “Experimental out-of-plane behavior of brick masonry infilled frames”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2020, Feb., 7, 14 (2), 221-37.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1529207
Akhoundi F, Lourenço PB, Vasconcelos G, “Numerically based proposals for the stiffness and strength of masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames”, Earthquake Engineering Structural Dynamics, 2016, 45 (6), 869-891. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2688
Akhoundi F, Vasconcelos G, Lourenço PB, Silva L, “Out-of-plane response of masonry infilled RC frames: Effect of workmanship and opening”, 2016.
Anić F, Penava D, Abrahamczyk L, Sarhosis V, “A review of experimental and analytical studies on the out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infilled frames. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering”, 2020, Mar., 18 (5), 2191-246.
 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-019-00771-5
Aref AJ, Dolatshahi KM, “A three-dimensional cyclic meso-scale numerical procedure for simulation of unreinforced masonry structures”, Computers and Structures, 2013, 120, 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.01.012
Asteris PG, Cavaleri L, Di Trapani F, Tsaris AK, “Numerical modelling of out-of-plane response of infilled frames: State of the art and future challenges for the equivalent strut macromodels”, Engineering Structures, 2017, Feb., 1, 132, 110-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.10.012
Asteris PG, “Lateral stiffness of brick masonry infilled plane frames”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 2003, Aug., 129 (8), 1071-9. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:8(10)
Asteris PG, Chrysostomou CZ, Giannopoulos IP, Smyrou E, “Masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames with openings”, InIII ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2011, May., 25, 28.
Budiwati IA, Sukrawa M, “Development of diagonal strut width formula for infill wall with reinforced opening in modeling seismic behavior of RC infilled frame structures”, InAIP Conference Proceedings, 2018, Jun 26, 1977, 1, 020062, AIP PublishingLLC. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5042918
Di Domenico M, De Risi MT, Ricci P, Verderame GM, Manfredi G, “Empirical prediction of the in-plane/out-of-plane interaction effects in clay brick unreinforced masonry infill walls”, Engineering Structures, 2021, Jan., 15, 227, 111438.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111438
Dolatshahi KM, Aref AJ, Yekrangnia M, “Bidirectional behavior of unreinforced masonry walls”, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2014, Dec., 43 (15), 2377-2397. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2455
Furtado A, Rodrigues H, Arêde A, Varum H, “Experimental characterization of the in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of infill masonry walls”, Procedia Engineering, 2015 Jan., 1, 114, 862-869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.041
Furtado A, Rodrigues H, Arêde A, Varum H, “Out-of-plane behavior of masonry infilled RC frames based on the experimental tests available: A systematic review”, Construction and Building Materials, 2018, Apr., 20, 168, 831-848.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.129
Furtado A, Arêde A, Rodrigues H, Varum H, “The role of the openings in the out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infill walls”, Engineering Structures, 2021, Oct., 1, 244, 112793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112793
Giaretton M, Dizhur D, da Porto F, Ingham JM, “Seismic assessment and improvement of unreinforced stone masonry buildings: literature review and application to New Zealand”, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 2016, Jun., 30, 49 (2), 148-174. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.49.2.148-174
Griffith MC, Vaculik J, “Out-of-plane flexural strength of unreinforced clay brick masonry walls”, TMS Journal, 2007, Sep., 25 (1), 53-68.
Hak S, Morandi P, Magenes G, “Out-of-plane experimental response of strong masonry infills”, In2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, 2014, Aug., 25, 1.
Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Friedman JH, Friedman JH, “The elements of statistical learning: data mining, inference, and prediction”, New York: Springer; 2009, Aug.
Kakaletsis D, Karayannis C, “Experimental investigation of infilled R/C frames with eccentric openings”, Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 2007, Jan., 1, 26 (3), 231-50.
Kakaletsis D, Karayannis C, “Influence of masonry strength and openings on infilled R/C frames under cycling loading”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2008, Feb., 13, 12 (2), 197-221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701299138
Kurmi PL, Haldar P, “Modeling of opening for realistic assessment of infilled RC frame buildings”, InStructures, 2022, Jul., 1, 41, 1700-1709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2022.05.110
Laurenco PB, Rots JG, Blaauwendraad J, “Two approaches for the analysis of masonry structures: micro and macro-modeling”, HERON, 1995, 40 (4).
Mansouri A, Marefat MS, Khanmohammadi M, “Experimental evaluation of seismic performance of low‐shear strength masonry infills with openings in reinforced concrete frames with deficient seismic details”, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 2014, Oct., 25, 23 (15), 1190-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1115
Mays GC, Hetherington JG, Rose TA, “Resistance-deflection functions for concrete wall panels with openings”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1998, May, 124 (5), 579-87. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(1998) 124:5(579)
McDowell EL, McKee K, Sevin E, “Arching action theory of masonry walls”, Journal of the Structural Division, 1956, Mar., 82 (2), 915-1. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.000001
Mondal G, Jain SK, “Lateral stiffness of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames with central opening”, Earthquake spectra, 2008, Aug., 24 (3), 701-23. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.2942376
Mosalam KM, White RN, Gergely P, “Static response of infilled frames using quasi-static experimentation”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 1997, Nov., 123 (11), 1462-4169. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(1997)
123:11(1462)
Nie Y, Sheikh A, Griffith M, Visintin P, “A damage-plasticity based interface model for simulating in-plane/out-of-plane response of masonry structural panels”, Computers and Structures, 2022, Feb., 1, 260, 106721.
 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2021.106721
Ozturkoglu O, Ucar T, Yesilce Y, “Effect of masonry infill walls with openings on nonlinear response of reinforced concrete frames”, Earthquakes and Structures, 2017, Mar., 1, 12 (3), 333-47. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.12.3.333
Pantò B, Caliò I, Lourenço PB, “A 3D discrete macro-element for modelling the out-of-plane behaviour of infilled frame structures”, Engineering Structures, 2018, Nov., 15, 175, 371-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.08.022
Preti M, Migliorati L, Giuriani E, “Experimental testing of engineered masonry infill walls for post-earthquake structural damage control”, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2015, Jul., 13 (7), 2029-49.
 https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10518-014-9701-2
Sepasdar R, “Experimental investigation on the out-of-plane behaviour of concrete masonry infilled rc frames”, 2017.
Shafaei J, Hosseini A, Marefat MS, “Seismic retrofit of external RC beam-column joints by joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles”, Engineering Structures, 2014, Dec., 15, 81, 265-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.006
Tasnimi AA, Mohebkhah A, “Investigation on the behavior of brick-infilled steel frames with openings, experimental and analytical approaches", Engineering Structures, 2011, Mar., 1, 33 (3), 968-80.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.12.018
Verderame GM, Ricci P, De Risi MT, Del Gaudio C, “Experimental assessment and numerical modelling of conforming and non-conforming RC frames with and without infills”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022, Jan., 25, 26 (2), 573-614. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2019.1692098
Verlato N, Guidi G, Da Porto F, Modena C, “Innovative systems for masonry infill walls based on the use of deformable joints: combined in-plane/out-of-plane tests”, InProceedings of the 16th international brick and block masonry conference, 2016, Jun., 26-30. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press.
Wang C, “Experimental investigation on the out-of-plane behaviour of concrete masonry infilled frames”, 2017.
Zhai C, Kong J, Wang X, Chen Z, “Experimental and finite element analytical investigation of seismic behavior of full-scale masonry infilled RC frames”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2016, Oct., 2, 20 (7), 1171-98.
 https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1138171
 
Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Volume 54.1, Issue 114 - Serial Number 114
Spring 2024
June 2024
Pages 56-83

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